Table 3. Demographics of the Cohort at Baseline*.
| Variable | High Social Activity (N=396) | Low Social Activity (N=510) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 78.67 (6.97, 60-94) | 80.87 (7.15, 54-100)§ |
| Sex (% male) | N=87 (21.97%) | N=148 (29.02%)+ |
| Education (years) | 14.89 (2.97, 7-28) | 14.30 (3.09, 3-23)ˆ |
| Marital Status (% single) | 92.58% | 91.56% |
| Mini-Mental Status Exam | 28.35, (1.80, 18-30) | 27.61 (2.15, 18-30)§ |
| Physical Activity (hrs./week) | Median=3.00, 25th =1.02, 75th =5.08 | Median=1.83, 25th=0.42, 75th =3.50§ |
| Cognitive Activity Score | 3.46 (0.54; 1.67- 4.67) | 2.96 (0.67, 1.11-4.56)§ |
| Katz Disability | 5.81%, 25th =1.00, 75th =1.00 | 11.96%, 25th =1.00, 75th =2.00§ |
| Rosow-Breslau Disability | 34.60%, 25th =1.00, 75th =2.00 | 47.45%, 25th =1.00, 75th =3.00§ |
| IADL Disability | 34.36%, 25th =1.00, 75th =2.00 | 53.14%, 25th =1.00, 75th =3.00§ |
| Global Cognition | 0.26 (0.46, -1.65-1.36) | 0.02 (0.54, -1.88-1.43) § |
| Depressive Symptoms Score | 49.24%, 25th=1.00, 75th =3.00 | 50.39%, 25th=1.00, 75th =4.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.78 (5.47, 9.10-62.92) | 26.98 (5.22, 16.64-57.16) + |
| Vascular Risk Factors (sum) | 75.00%, 25th =1.50, 75th =2.00 | 75.88%, 25th=1.00, 75th=2.00 |
| Smoking | 37.63% | 40.67% |
| Diabetes | 9.34% | 14.71%+ |
| Hypertension | 58.84% | 56.86% |
| Vascular Diseases (sum) | 17.17%, 25th =1.00, 75th =2.00 | Median=19.02%, 25th =1.00, 75th=2.00 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 10.35% | 11.20% |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 3.86% | 5.22% |
| Claudication | 5.81% | 6.67% |
| Joint Pain | 41.67% | 42.35% |
=p<0.05,
=p<0.01,
=p<0.001
The cohort was divided based on the median baseline social activity score. Above the median value is “High Activity” and below the median value was “Low Activity”. Mean (SD, range), except when the standard deviation exceeded the mean; in that case, summary statistics are the median, 25th and 75th quartiles. For variables with a value of 0 for the median, the percentage of the non-zero participants is provided, along with the 25th and 75th percentiles of the distribution of the non-zero values (Disability, Depressive Symptoms, Vascular Risk Factors and Diseases).
MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination (range: 18-30), a higher score indicates a higher level of cognition. Social Activity: Self-reported frequency of participation in six social activities a higher score indicates more frequent participation. Physical Activity: Self-reported frequency of participation in 5 physical activities (hours/week), a higher score indicates more frequent participation. Cognitive Activity: Self reported frequency of participation in 7 cognitive activities, a higher score indicates more frequent participation. Katz Disability: 6 item measure of basic activities of daily living, a higher score indicates greater disability. Rosow-Breslau Disability: 3 item measure of mobility disability, a higher score indicates greater disability. IADL Disability: 8 item measure of instrumental activities of daily living, a higher score indicates greater disability. Global Cognition: Composite measure of cognition based on performances on 19 cognitive tests, a higher score indicates a higher level of cognition. Depressive Symptoms: Modified 10 item CESD scale, a higher score indicates greater depressive symptomatology. BMI: Body mass index: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Vascular Risk Factors: sum of smoking, diabetes, and hypertension self-reported. Vascular Diseases: sum of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, claudication and stroke self-reported. Joint Pain: single self-report item indicating whether or not joint pain is present.