Table 3.
Univariate Association Between Candidate Measures and Severe Mobility Difficulty at Baseline
| SMD |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 1,002 |
Yes (n = 467, 46.6%) |
No (n = 535, 53.4%) |
||
| Candidate Clinical Measures | Prevalence (%) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio of SMD (95% Confidence Interval) |
||
| Central nervous system and psychological | ||||
| Cognitive impairment* | 8.2 | 12.7 | 4.3 | 3.22 (1.96–5.31) |
| Geriatric Depression Scale score >9 (normal range 0–9) | 31.7 | 40.8 | 23.7 | 2.21 (1.69–2.90) |
| ≥2 anxiety symptoms | 18.7 | 24.2 | 14.4 | 1.93 (1.39–2.70) |
| Can do anything I set my mind to (disagree) | 27.3 | 34.8 | 20.8 | 2.03 (1.53–2.70) |
| I often feel helpless (agree) | 30.8 | 41.8 | 21.4 | 2.64 (2.00–3.49) |
| Peripheral nervous system | ||||
| Abnormal sensation in legs or feet | 6.1 | 8.6 | 3.9 | 2.31 (1.34–3.98) |
| Presence of foot numbness | 5.1 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 1.68 (0.95–2.98) |
| Foot numbness present often | 2.4 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 2.84 (1.17–6.92) |
| Muscles | ||||
| Grip strength ≤11 kg | 12.5 | 17.6 | 8.0 | 2.44 (1.65–3.61) |
| Bones and joints | ||||
| Knee pain or stiffness† | 54.6 | 59.5 | 50.3 | 1.45 (1.13–1.87) |
| Hip pain or stiffness† | 37.3 | 37.9 | 36.8 | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) |
| Moderate to severe knee or hip activity pain | 51.0 | 57.2 | 45.6 | 1.59 (1.24–2.05) |
| Knee swelling most days | 23.0 | 28.3 | 18.4 | 1.75 (1.30–2.36) |
| Foot pain‡ | 32.9 | 31.5 | 34.1 | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) |
| Back pain‡ | 40.4 | 40.5 | 40.4 | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) |
| Knee pain on examination | 36.4 | 47.6 | 26.6 | 2.51 (1.93–3.27) |
| Hip pain on examination | 24.2 | 26.7 | 21.9 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) |
| Perceptual | ||||
| Poor reported vision | 16.9 | 23.1 | 11.4 | 2.34 (1.66–3.29) |
| Energy | ||||
| Does not feel full of energy | 44.2 | 42.0 | 46.2 | 1.19 (0.92–1.52) |
| Unusually tired† | 38.1 | 38.6 | 37.6 | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) |
| Unusually weak† | 24.3 | 28.9 | 20.2 | 1.61 (1.20–2.15) |
| Composite measures | ||||
| Balance problem walking on level surface or dressing§ | 31.6 | 50.4 | 15.3 | 10.79 (7.23–16.10) |
| Balance problem standing eyes closed§ | 27.3 | 42.9 | 14.1 | 5.42 (3.89–7.57) |
| Dizzy after standing | 38.6 | 40.0 | 37.5 | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) |
| Poor overall balance | 59.0 | 75.0 | 45.2 | 3.62 (2.76–4.75) |
| Unable to stand feet side by side for 10 seconds | 18.6 | 35.6 | 3.8 | 14.22 (8.75–23.10) |
| Unable to do five chair stands | 28.7 | 52.5 | 8.1 | 12.61 (8.79–18.09) |
*
Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score between 17 and 24. For participants with less than 12 years of education, scores between 17 and 21 were considered to indicate impairment.
†
In previous month.
‡
For 1 month during previous year.
§
Always, very often, or often versus never.
SMD = severe mobility difficulty.