Table 1.

Summary of test measures and outcome variables

Cognitive/affective domain and measure	Outcome variable	Score range	Predicted treatment effect
Verbal knowledge	Total correct−one third number	≤50
PMA vocabulary	incorrect		No difference
Verbal fluency			No difference
Letter fluency (F, A, S)	Total correct	0+
Semantic fluency (vegetables, fruits)	Total correct	0+
Figural memory	Total figures with errors	0–26	CEE fewer errors over time
BVRT
Verbal memory	Total of 3 list A trials (immediate recall)	0–48	CEE higher scores over time
CVLT	Total for list B (interference)	0–16
	Total for short-delay free recall	0–16
	Total for long-delay free recall	0–16
Attention and working memory			CEE higher scores over time
Digits forward	Total correct trials	0–14
Digits backward	Total correct trials	0–14
Spatial rotational ability	Total correct−total incorrect	≤160	CEE lower over time
Card rotations
Fine motor speed			CEE higher scores over time
Finger tapping dom	Total score	0+
Finger tapping nondom	Total score	0+
Affect
PANAS
PANAS positive	Mean score	1–5
PANAS negative	Mean score	1–5	CEE lower over time
Geriatric depression scale	Total score	0–15	CEE lower over time

Descriptions and references for tests of cognition and affect are detailed elsewhere (5). Higher BVRT scores reflect poorer performance. Tests in bold are those predicted to be the most sensitive to treatment effects based on prior studies. PMA, Primary mental abilities; BVRT, Benton Visual Retention Test; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; dom, dominant hand; nondom, nondominant hand; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.