Table 3.
Mean (se) adjusted scores for cognitive and affective measures by treatment group for the intention-to-treat sample
| Measure | Visit 1
|
Visit 2
|
Visit 3
|
Visit 4
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEE | Placebo | CEE | Placebo | CEE | Placebo | CEE | Placebo | |
| Number of subjects | 434 | 452 | 412 | 408 | 391 | 388 | 326 | 325 |
| Verbal knowledge | ||||||||
| PMA vocabulary | 34.73 (0.48) | 35.88 (0.47) | 35.81 (0.48) | 36.50 (0.47) | 35.77 (0.49) | 36.76 (0.48) | 35.94 (0.49) | 36.60 (0.49) |
| Verbal fluency | ||||||||
| Letter fluency | 38.40 (0.61) | 39.57 (0.60) | 39.74 (0.62) | 40.58 (0.61) | 39.15 (0.62) | 40.84 (0.61) | 39.31 (0.64) | 41.17 (0.63) |
| Category fluency | 28.13 (0.30) | 28.94 (0.30) | 28.21 (0.31) | 28.75 (0.31) | 27.42 (0.31) | 28.09 (0.31) | 27.20 (0.32) | 27.99 (0.32) |
| Memory | ||||||||
| BVRT errors | 7.73 (0.19) | 7.35 (0.19) | 7.45 (0.19) | 7.28 (0.19) | 7.29 (0.20) | 6.89 (0.19) | 7.67 (0.20) | 7.04 (0.20) |
| CVLT | ||||||||
| Total list A trials | 27.78 (0.31) | 28.40 (0.31) | 28.74 (0.32) | 28.84 (0.31) | 24.70 (0.32) | 25.33 (0.32) | 25.29 (0.34) | 26.70 (0.34) |
| Total list B interference trial | 6.34 (0.09) | 6.43 (0.09) | 6.35 (0.10) | 6.65 (0.10) | 4.50 (0.10) | 4.73 (0.10) | 4.51 (0.11) | 4.70 (0.11) |
| Short delay free | 8.16 (0.15) | 8.16 (0.15) | 8.64 (0.16) | 8.49 (0.15) | 7.40 (0.16) | 7.47 (0.16) | 7.72 (0.17) | 7.95 (0.16) |
| Long delay free | 8.89 (0.15) | 8.93 (0.15) | 9.25 (0.16) | 9.26 (0.15) | 8.67 (0.16) | 8.72 (0.16) | 8.81 (0.17) | 9.15 (0.17) |
| Attention and working memory | ||||||||
| Digits forward | 7.21 (0.10) | 7.42 (0.10) | 7.38 (0.10) | 7.51 (0.10) | 7.48 (0.10) | 7.48 (0.10) | 7.34 (0.11) | 7.42 (0.11) |
| Digits backward | 6.49 (0.09) | 6.53 (0.09) | 6.34 (0.10) | 6.41 (0.09) | 6.34 (0.10) | 6.45 (0.10) | 6.30 (0.10) | 6.43 (0.10) |
| Spatial ability | ||||||||
| Card rotations | 51.33 (1.39) | 56.66 (1.36) | 54.90 (1.41) | 60.57 (1.39) | 58.30 (1.42) | 60.08 (1.40) | 60.65 (1.47) | 63.53 (1.45) |
| Fine motor speed | ||||||||
| Finger tapping dom | 37.67 (0.34) | 38.71 (0.33) | 38.52 (0.35) | 39.66 (0.34) | 38.93 (0.35) | 39.89 (0.35) | 38.75 (0.37) | 39.93 (0.36) |
| Finger tapping nondom | 35.64 (0.29) | 36.28 (0.29) | 35.89 (0.30) | 36.85 (0.29) | 35.96 (0.30) | 36.90 (0.30) | 35.84 (0.31) | 36.88 (0.31) |
| Affect | ||||||||
| PANAS positive | 3.61 (0.03) | 3.66 (0.03) | 3.63 (0.03) | 3.61 (0.03) | 3.58 (0.03) | 3.63 (0.03) | 3.63 (0.04) | 3.63 (0.04) |
| PANAS negative | 1.64 (0.03) | 1.64 (0.03) | 1.67 (0.03) | 1.67 (0.03) | 1.64 (0.03) | 1.68 (0.03) | 1.66 (0.04) | 1.67 (0.03) |
| GDS | 1.58 (0.11) | 1.74 (0.11) | 1.71 (0.12) | 1.93 (0.11) | 1.64 (0.12) | 1.91 (0.12) | 1.62 (0.12) | 2.00 (0.12) |
The CEE-only compared with placebo group had significantly lower overall scores for card rotations (P < 0.01) and finger tapping dominant hand (P = 0.01). Statistical analysis of treatment effects at initial assessment and change over time are presented in Table 4. Higher BVRT scores reflect poorer performance. Lower CVLT scores at visits 3 and 4 are due to lower mean scores on CVLT version B compared with version A. PMA, Primary mental abilities; dom, dominant hand; nondom, nondominant hand; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.