Table 5.
Summary of effect sizes in the WHISCA CEE-Alone trial, CEE+MPA trial, and pooled analysis
| Measure | Difference (HT minus placebo) at initial WHISCA assessment
|
Difference (HT minus placebo): on-study rates of change (units/yr)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEE only mean (se) | CEE+MPA mean (se) | HT pooled mean (se) | CEE only mean (se) | CEE+MPA mean (se) | HT pooled mean (se) | |
| Verbal knowledge | ||||||
| PMA vocabulary | −1.11 (0.67) | −0.35 (0.51) | −0.66 (0.41) | 0.11 (0.11) | −0.10 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.10) |
| Verbal fluency | ||||||
| Letter fluency | −1.17 (0.83) | 0.23 (0.66) | −0.31 (0.52) | −0.26 (0.19) | −0.28 (0.29) | −0.29 (0.16) |
| Category fluency | −0.81 (0.42) | −0.14 (0.33) | −0.41 (0.26) | 0.03 (0.11) | −0.09 (0.19) | −0.01 (0.10) |
| Memory | ||||||
| BVRT errors | 0.38 (0.26) | 0.11 (0.20) | 0.20 (0.16) | 0.11 (0.07) | −0.27 (0.11)a | 0.00 (0.06) |
| CVLT total list A trials | −0.62 (0.42) | 0.23 (0.34) | −0.10 (0.26) | −0.19 (0.14) | −0.52 (0.20)b | −0.28 (0.12)a |
| CVLT total list B | −0.09 (0.14) | −0.06 (0.11) | −0.07 (0.09) | −0.06 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| CVLT short delay free | −0.01 (0.21) | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.11 (0.13) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.24 (0.10)a | −0.13 (0.06)a |
| CVLT long delay free | −0.04 (0.20) | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.07 (0.13) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.23 (0.10)a | −0.13 (0.06)a |
| Attention and working memory | ||||||
| Digits forward | −0.21 (0.13) | −0.22 (0.11)a | −0.22 (0.09)b | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| Digits backward | −0.03 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.11) | −0.13 (0.08) | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.03) |
| Spatial ability | ||||||
| Card rotations | −5.28 (1.87)b | 1.07 (1.44) | −1.36 (1.14) | 1.26 (0.48)b | −0.39 (0.70) | 0.67 (0.39) |
| Fine motor speed | ||||||
| Finger tapping dom | −1.12 (0.51) | 0.10 (0.42) | −0.35 (0.32) | −0.01 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.21) | −0.06 (0.12) |
| Finger tapping nondom | −0.59 (0.44) | 0.11 (0.35) | −0.14 (0.27) | −0.10 (0.12) | 0.02 (0.17) | −0.10 (0.10) |
| Affect | ||||||
| PANAS positive | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| PANAS negative | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.01) |
| GDS | −0.16 (0.16) | −0.03 (0.11) | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.05) |
| 3MS score | −0.42 (0.22) | −0.04 (0.17) | −0.14 (0.13) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.14 (0.09) | 0.00 (0.06) |
Positive values indicate higher scores (initial assessment) and lower rates of decline for the HT compared with placebo groups; higher BVRT scores reflect poorer performance. PMA, Primary mental abilities; dom, dominant hand; nondom, nondominant hand; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.
a
P < 0.05.
b
P < 0.01.