Table 1.
Characteristics of 1612 postmenopausal women without prevalent diabetes at baseline, summarized according to diabetes status at their last visit
| Normal glucose | IFG | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1184 | 312 | 116 |
| Demographics and family history | |||
| Age at baseline (yr)b | 65.31 (9.48) | 65.48 (8.83) | 63.11 (8.62) |
| Ethnicity (%)c | |||
| Caucasian | 36 | 28 | 20 |
| Chinese-American | 14 | 9 | 17 |
| African-American | 28 | 33 | 34 |
| Hispanic | 22 | 30 | 29 |
| Education (%)b | |||
| Less than high school | 20 | 29 | 29 |
| High school | 52 | 49 | 48 |
| College or greater | 28 | 22 | 23 |
| Annual income (%) | |||
| Low | 33 | 38 | 40 |
| Medium | 38 | 37 | 36 |
| High | 29 | 25 | 24 |
| Family history of diabetes (%)c | 33 | 42 | 54 |
| Behavioral factors | |||
| Cigarette smoking status (%) | |||
| Never | 62 | 63 | 63 |
| Former | 27 | 25 | 28 |
| Current | 11 | 12 | 9 |
| Daily caloric intake (calories/d) | 1434 (660) | 1514 (812) | 1500 (797) |
| Intentional exercise (met-min/wk)a,b | 735 (1733) | 630 (1576) | 375 (1155) |
| Adiposity and metabolic factors | |||
| BMI (kg/m2)c | 27.8 (5.6) | 30.1 (5.8) | 32.1 (6.81) |
| Waist circumference (cm)c | 95.3 (14.6) | 101.1 (14.17) | 106.9 (15.74) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl)c | 86.71 (7.63) | 97.49 (9.32) | 103.63 (12.21) |
| Fasting insulin (mU/liter)a,c | 4.9 (3.9) | 7.15 (5.7) | 8.8 (6.7) |
| HOMA-IRa,c | 1.05 (0.88) | 1.74 (1.40) | 2.40 (1.85) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)c | 127.46 (23.41) | 133.88 (22.86) | 132.62 (22.31) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)a | 121 (39) | 126 (46) | 122 (47) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)c | 56.59 (14.52) | 52.66 (15.01) | 49.84 (11.59) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)a,c | 102 (70) | 120.5 (83.5) | 133.5 (87.5) |
| One or more anti-hypertensives (%)c | 29 | 47 | 49 |
| One or more lipid-lowering agents (%)b | 15 | 22 | 19 |
| Inflammatory factors | |||
| IL-6 (pg/ml)a,c | 1.25 (1.03) | 1.43 (1.22) | 1.74 (1.50) |
| CRP (mg/liter)a,c | 1.93(3.30) | 2.90 (4.02) | 3.03 (4.85) |
| Reproductive factors | |||
| Age at menopause (yr) | 48.06 (6.19) | 47.76 (6.60) | 47.60 (6.42) |
| Age at first live birth (yr)b | 23.52 (5.17) | 22.84 (4.98) | 22.40 (5.17) |
| Number of live birthsb | 2.99 (2.13) | 3.28 (2.15) | 3.45 (2.16) |
| Nulliparous (%) | 17 | 13 | 15 |
| First birth <23 yr (%)b | 40 | 46 | 50 |
| First birth ≥23 yr (%) | 43 | 41 | 35 |
| Surgical menopause (%) | 19 | 21 | 20 |
| Live births ≥5 (%)b | 8.70 | 11.86 | 15.52 |
| Time since menopause (yr) | 17.29 (11.22) | 17.66 (11.11) | 15.51 (10.43) |
| Ever use of hormone replacement therapy (%) | 30% | 29% | 30% |
| Ever use of oral contraceptives (%) | 39% | 41% | 47% |
| Sex hormones (nmol/liter) | |||
| Bioavailable Ta,c | 0.24 (0.21) | 0.31 (0.31) | 0.35 (0.35) |
| Total E2a,c | 0.055 (0.040) | 0.062 (0.048) | 0.079 (0.051) |
| SHBGa,c | 54.45 (32.85) | 43.05 (29.1) | 35.75 (26.05) |
| DHEAa | 10.76 (7.88) | 11.45 (6.78) | 11.66 (6.61) |
Results are presented as mean (sd) unless indicated otherwise.
a
Median (interquartile range).
b
P < 0.05.
c
P < 0.001.