Figure 1.

Effects of LGG on E. coli K1 adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2. Epithelial cells were incubated with various doses of L. rhamnosus for 3 hours before adding bacteria. Adhesion and invasion assays were carried out as described above. All values represent the means of triplicate determinations. The results were expressed as adhesion (Figure 1(a)) or invasion activities (Figure 1(b)) compared to that of the control without LGG. Error bars indicate standard deviations. *P < .05; **P < .01.