TABLE 2.
Individual and Department-Level Covariates of Suspect and Officer Injury: United States, 1998–2007
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||
| No, χ2, or OR (95% CI) | P | No, χ2, or OR (95% CI) | P | No, χ2, or OR (95% CI) | P | No, χ2, or OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Suspect injury | ||||||||
| No. of incidents | 24 004 | 12 508 | 18 168 | 18 168 | ||||
| No. of agencies | 12 | 9 | 11 | Fixeda | ||||
| Use of force | ||||||||
| Physical force | 1.56 (1.45, 1.68) | <.001 | 1.97 (1.77, 2.20) | <.001 | 1.38 (1.26, 1.52) | <.001 | 1.31 (1.20, 1.44) | <.001 |
| OC | 0.31 (0.28, 0.33) | <.001 | 0.39 (0.35, 0.44) | <.001 | 0.34 (0.31, 0.38) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.30, 0.37) | <.001 |
| CED | 0.35 (0.32, 0.38) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.43, 0.56) | <.001 | 0.41 (0.37, 0.46) | <.001 | 0.41 (0.37, 0.46) | <.001 |
| Genderb | 2.11 (1.92, 2.33) | <.001 | 2.09 (1.85, 2.37) | <.001 | 2.29 (2.07, 2.56) | <.001 | 2.26 (2.03, 2.52) | |
| White (vs others) | 1.20 (1.13, 1.28) | <.001 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.28) | <.001 | 1.20 (1.12, 1.29) | <.001 | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | <.001 |
| Resistance | 1.27 (1.16, 1.40) | <.001 | 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) | <.001 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.34) | <.001 | ||
| Age | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | .08 | ||||||
| Age2 | 0.99 | .31 | ||||||
| Defensive CED | (0.99, 1.00) | 0.58 (0.39, 1.10) | .08 | |||||
| Defensive OC | 1.35 (0.71, 2.56) | .38 | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio, χ2 | 2136 | <.001 | 1195 | <.001 | 1343 | <.001 | 2802 | <.001 |
| Officer injury | ||||||||
| No. of incidents | 22 649 | 11 321 | 17 003 | 17 003 | ||||
| No. of agencies | 11 | 8 | 10 | Fixeda | ||||
| Use of force | ||||||||
| Physical force | 4.49 (3.98, 5.06) | <.001 | 3.89 (3.34, 4.54) | <.001 | 3.79 (3.51, 4.36) | <.001 | 3.77 (3.28, 4.34) | <.001 |
| OC | 1.42 (1.29, 1.58) | <.001 | 1.25 (1.10, 1.43) | <.001 | 1.23 (1.09, 1.39) | <.001 | 1.23 (1.10, 1.40) | <.001 |
| CED | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | .869 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | .84 | 1.04 (1.91, 1.21) | .743 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.20) | .63 |
| Genderb | 1.11 (0.99, 1.26) | .086 | 1.17 (1.01, 1.35) | .036 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.32) | .022 | 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) | <.001 |
| White (vs others) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | .002 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | <.001 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91 | <.001 | 0.81 (0.74, 0.90) | <.001 |
| Resistance | 1.72 (1.51, 1.95) | <.001 | 1.75 (1.55, 1.98) | <.001 | 1.75 (1.55, 1.98) | <.001 | ||
| Age | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | .07 | ||||||
| Age2 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | .03 | ||||||
| Defensive CED | 1.22 (0.62, 2.42) | .568 | ||||||
| Defensive OC | 1.19 (0.79, 1.81) | .40 | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio, χ2 | 700.66 | <.001 | 464.92 | <.001 | 532.87 | <.001 | 1631 | <.001 |
Note. CED = conductive energy devices; CI = confidence interval; OC = oleoresin capsicum; OR = odds ratio.
a
Fixed-effect models included department parameters (data not shown).
b
1 = male.