Table 2.
Modulation of learning and memory and depressive behaviour by diet
Diet | Effect on learning and memory | Effect on depressive behaviour | Study models | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caloric/dietary restriction | Enhanced spatial learning in aged rats | Rat | [104] | |
Enhanced cognitive performance in females only | Rat | [74] | ||
Increased learning and motor performance | Mouse | [40] | ||
Increased learning consolidation | Mouse | [28] | ||
Omega 3 fatty acids | Improved (EPA) | Human | [42] | |
Delayed onset of depressive periods | Human (bipolar) | [106] | ||
Decreased | Human (bipolar) | [89] | ||
No benefit 6 g/day EPA | Human (bipolar) | [47] | ||
Improvement with 1 g/day EPA | Human (bipolar) | [30] | ||
Various effects with various concentrations of various fatty acids | Human | For review: [5] | ||
Improved spatial memory | Mouse Alzheimer model | [38] | ||
Improved acquisition and retention in a T-maze foot shock avoidance test | Mouse Senescence-Accelerated | [92] | ||
Flavonoids | Improved | Rat | [18] | |
Improved | For review: [119] | |||
Blueberry | Increased spatial memory | Rat | [122] | |
Polyphenol/flavonoids/berry | Positive impact | Various animals | For review: [123] | |
Improved | Rat | [78] | ||
Curcumin | Improved cognitive performance | Human | [83] | |
Retinoic acid excess | Increased | Mouse adult | [86] | |
Vitamin A/retinoid deficiency | Impaired spatial learning and memory | Rat adult | [13] | |
Impaired relational memory | Mouse adult | [25] | ||
Zinc | Improved | Rodents | For review: [108] | |
Improved | Human | For review: [108] | ||
Improved | Human | [85] | ||
High fat | Decreased spatial learning | Rat | [80] | |
Decreased learning and memory and Increased risk for dementia | Rat | [124] | ||
High sugar | Impaired spatial learning | Rat | [107] | |
Low glucose (extracellular) | Impaired memory | Rat aged | [34] | |
Soft diet | Impairment of learning ability and memory | Rat Alzheimer model | [59] | |
Caffeine | Improved object recognition | Mouse | [15] | |
Reduced risk | Human | [101] | ||
Ethanol | Improved associative learning with moderate chronic consumption | Mouse male | [94] | |
Deficits | Human | [91] |
EPA eicosapentaenoic acid