Table 2.

Modulation of learning and memory and depressive behaviour by diet

Diet	Effect on learning and memory	Effect on depressive behaviour	Study models	References
Caloric/dietary restriction	Enhanced spatial learning in aged rats		Rat	[104]
	Enhanced cognitive performance in females only		Rat	[74]
	Increased learning and motor performance		Mouse	[40]
	Increased learning consolidation		Mouse	[28]
Omega 3 fatty acids		Improved (EPA)	Human	[42]
		Delayed onset of depressive periods	Human (bipolar)	[106]
		Decreased	Human (bipolar)	[89]
		No benefit 6 g/day EPA	Human (bipolar)	[47]
		Improvement with 1 g/day EPA	Human (bipolar)	[30]
		Various effects with various concentrations of various fatty acids	Human	For review: [5]
	Improved spatial memory		Mouse Alzheimer model	[38]
	Improved acquisition and retention in a T-maze foot shock avoidance test		Mouse Senescence-Accelerated	[92]
Flavonoids		Improved	Rat	[18]
	Improved			For review: [119]
Blueberry	Increased spatial memory		Rat	[122]
Polyphenol/flavonoids/berry	Positive impact		Various animals	For review: [123]
		Improved	Rat	[78]
Curcumin	Improved cognitive performance		Human	[83]
Retinoic acid excess		Increased	Mouse adult	[86]
Vitamin A/retinoid deficiency	Impaired spatial learning and memory		Rat adult	[13]
	Impaired relational memory		Mouse adult	[25]
Zinc		Improved	Rodents	For review: [108]
		Improved	Human	For review: [108]
		Improved	Human	[85]
High fat	Decreased spatial learning		Rat	[80]
	Decreased learning and memory and Increased risk for dementia		Rat	[124]
High sugar	Impaired spatial learning		Rat	[107]
Low glucose (extracellular)	Impaired memory		Rat aged	[34]
Soft diet	Impairment of learning ability and memory		Rat Alzheimer model	[59]
Caffeine	Improved object recognition		Mouse	[15]
		Reduced risk	Human	[101]
Ethanol	Improved associative learning with moderate chronic consumption		Mouse male	[94]
	Deficits		Human	[91]

EPA eicosapentaenoic acid