Table 2.

Effect estimates from path analysis with early exposure to any type of adversity (Model 1)

Outcome:	Early use				Substance-use disorder
Predictor	B (95% Cl)	Std β	z	p	B (95% Cl)	Std β	z	p
Gender (male)
Direct	0.62 (0.51, 0.73)	.29	10.82	<.001	0.70 (0.55, 0.85)	.32	8.99	<.001
Indirect (via early use)	—	—	—	—	0.26 (0.21, 0.32)	.12	9.16	<.001
Tribe (Northern Plains)
Direct	0.55 (0.44, 0.67)	.26	9.45	<.001	0.31 (0.16, 0.45)	.14	4.09	<.001
Indirect (via early use)	—	—	—	—	0.23 (0.18, 0.29)	.11	8.21	<.001
G × T (Northern Plains male)
Direct	−0.31 (−0.48, −0.15)	−.13	−3.73	<.001	−0.42 (−0.62, −0.22)	−.17	−4.07	<.001
Indirect (via early use)	—	—	—	—	−0.13 (−0.20, −0.06)	−.05	−3.63	<.001
Early adversitya
Direct	0.10 (0.08, 0.12)	.16	8.06	<.001	0.12 (0.09, 0.15)	.19	7.77	<.001
Indirect (via early use)	—	—	—	—	0.04 (0.03, 0.05)	.06	7.26	<.001
Early useb	—	—	—	—	0.42 (0.37, 0.47)	.40	16.83	<.001
R2		.11				.32

Notes: B = unstandardized estimate; 95% CI = lower and upper bounds of 95% confidence interval; Std β = standardized estimate; z = estimate/standard error; p = probability that true value is 0; G × T = Gender × Tribe.

^aScored to reflect the age at first adversity exposure: 0 = not before age 18 or subsequent to onset of substance use, 1 = 14–17 years of age, 2 = 10–13 years of age, 3 = 6–9 years of age, and 4 = before age 6;

^b0 if no substance use was reported before age 18, 1 if substance use was initiated after age 13 and before age 18, and 2 if it was initiated by age 13.