Table 3.
Effect estimates from path analysis with specific types of adversity (Model 2)
| Outcome | Early use |
Substance-use disorder |
||||||
| Predictor | B (95% CI) | Std β | z | P | B (95% CI) | Std β | z | P |
| Gender (male) | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.63 (0.52, 0.74) | .30 | 10.89 | <.001 | 0.74 (0.59, 0.90) | .33 | 9.41 | <.001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.26 (0.21, 0.32) | .12 | 9.15 | <.001 |
| Tribe (Northern Plains) | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.56 (0.44, 0.67) | .26 | 9.49 | <.001 | 0.32 (0.18, 0.47) | .14 | 4.28 | <.001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.23 (0.18, 0.29) | .10 | 8.20 | <.001 |
| G × T (Northern Plains male) | ||||||||
| Direct | −0.32 (−0.49, −0.16) | −.13 | −3.84 | <.001 | −0.45 (−0.65, −0.24) | −.18 | −4.31 | <.001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | −0.13 (−0.21, −0.06) | −.05 | −3.73 | <.001 |
| Early adversitya | ||||||||
| Major childhood event | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | .06 | 3.05 | .002 | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | .11 | 4.62 | <.001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.02 (0.006, 0.03) | .03 | 3.00 | .003 |
| Trauma | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | .07 | 3.08 | .002 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.13) | .09 | 3.77 | <.001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | .03 | 3.03 | .002 |
| Witnessed violence | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10) | .07 | 2.91 | .004 | 0.08 (0.03, 0.12) | .09 | 3.48 | .001 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.03 (0.008, 0.04) | .03 | 2.87 | .004 |
| Traumatic news | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | .01 | 0.67 | .501 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | .04 | 1.66 | .098 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.008 (−0.02, 0.03) | .005 | 0.67 | .501 |
| Untimely significant deaths | ||||||||
| Direct | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) | .03 | 1.52 | .129 | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.08) | .02 | 0.92 | .356 |
| Indirect (via early use) | — | — | — | — | 0.01 (−0.004, 0.03) | .01 | 1.51 | .131 |
| Early useb | — | — | — | — | 0.42 (0.37, 0.47) | .40 | 16.56 | <.001 |
| R2 | .11 | .34 | ||||||
Notes: B = unstandardized estimate; 95% CI=lower and upper bounds of 95% confidence interval; Std β = standardized estimate; z = estimate/ standard error; p = probability that true value is 0; G × T = Gender × tribe.
a
Scored to reflect the age of first adversity exposure: 0 = not before age 18 or subsequent to onset of substance use, 1 = 14–17 years of age, 2 = 10–13 years of age, 3 = 6–9 years of age, and 4 = before age 6;
b
0 if no substance use was reported before age 18, 1 if substance use was initiated after age 13 and before age 18, 2 if it was initiated between 10 and 13, and 3 if initiation was before age 9.