Table 2.

 Relation between walking speed and risk of death, overall and from specific causes

Cause of death and walking speed	Person years	Events	Rate (‰)	Hazard ratio (95% CI), P value
				Model 1*	Model 2†	Model 3‡	Model 4§
All causes
Upper thirds¶	10 940	104	9.5	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Lower third**	5474	105	19.2	2.07 (1.58 to 2.72), <0.001	1.64 (1.24 to 2.17), <0.001	1.58 (1.16 to 2.15), 0.002	1.44 (1.03 to 1.99), 0.02
Cancer
Upper thirds¶	10 940	59	5.4	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Lower third**	5474	40	7.3	1.38 (0.93 to 2.07), 0.11	1.13 (0.74 to 1.71), 0.56	1.04 (0.66 to 1.60), 0.83	1.03 (0.65 to 1.70), 0.83
Cardiovascular disease
Upper thirds¶	10 940	21	1.9	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Lower third**	5474	38	6.9	3.66 (2.18 to 6.13), <0.001	2.85 (1.64 to 4.94), <0.001	3.00 (1.65 to 5.47), <0.001	2.92 (1.46 to 5.84), 0.002
Other causes
Upper thirds¶	10 940	24	2.2	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Lower third**	5474	27	4.9	2.32 (1.38 to 3.88), 0.001	1.79 (1.00 to 3.19), 0.05	1.80 (0.96 to 3.35), 0.06	1.41 (0.74 to 2.67), 0.30

*Unadjusted model.

†Adjusted for age and sex.

‡Adjusted for variables included in previous model plus body mass index (BMI), height, education level, mini-mental state examination, and physical activity.

§Adjusted for variables included in previous model plus diabetes mellitus, hypertension, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for joint pain, psychotropic drug use, alcohol, smoking, dyslipidaemia, exertional dyspnoea, peripheral artery disease, dependence for at least one instrumental activity of daily living, depressive symptoms, and homocysteine concentration.

¶Reference.

**Cut off for walking speed: ≤1.50 m/s for men and ≤1.35 m/s for women.