Table 1.

Gene expression changes seen in earthworms exposed to five different soil contaminants

	Copper	Cadmium	Fluoranthene	Atrazine	TNT
Species	L. rubellus	L. rubellus	L. rubellus	L. rubellus	Eisenia fetida
Exposure time	70 days	28 days	28 days	28 days	28 days
Exposure concentration range (mg/kg)	10-480	13-500	14-533	19-59	2-39
Metabolic category
Detoxification	Y	Y	Y	Y
Oxidative stress	Y	Y	Y		Y
Mitochondrial electron transport	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Calcium binding and signaling	Y	Y			Y
Iron homeostasis and oxygen transport	Y	Y			Y
Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis					Y
Impaired immune function		Y			Y
Protein damage repair and catabolism	Y		Y	Y
Lipid metabolism	Y
Glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism	Y
Cell cycle and apoptosis	Y			Y
Muscle contraction		Y			Y
DNA damage and repair		Y		Y
Neurological dysfunction					Y
References	[10]	[11]	[11]	[11]	[12,13]

Y indicates the broad metabolic categories in which significant changes in gene expression were observed in response to the indicated contaminants.