Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by follow-up albuminuria status*
| 2nd examination | 3rd examination | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors† | Developed albuminuria | P- | Developed albuminuria | P- | ||
| Yes | No | value† | Yes | No | value | |
| (n=246) | (n=504) | (n=132) | (n=436) | |||
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 7.6 | 56.5 ± 7.5 | 0.2 | 58.6 ± 7.3 | 59.0 ± 7.1 | 0.5 |
| Men | 85 (34.5) | 173 (34.3) | 0.9 | 136 (31.2) | 39 (29.5) | 0.7 |
| Study center | 0.01 | 0.9 | ||||
| Arizona | 105 (42.7) | 170 (33.7) | 43 (32.6) | 134 (30.7) | ||
| Oklahoma | 68 (27.6) | 193 (38.3) | 50 (37.9) | 168 (38.5) | ||
| North/South Dakota | 73 (29.7) | 141 (28.0) | 39 (29.5) | 134 (30.7) | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6 (2–11) | 2 (0–8) | <0.001 | 6 (4–12) | 5 (2–10.5) | 0.5 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.8 ± 6.2 | 33.0 ± 6.5 | 0.6 | 32.6 ± 6.5 | 33.4 ± 6.3 | 0.2 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 111.1 ± 32.6 | 115.0 ± 33.2 | 0.1 | 112.8 ± 31.0 | 118.3 ± 32.9 | 0.1 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 42.4 ± 10.0 | 43.6 ± 11.0 | 0.2 | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 38.6 ± 10.7 | 0.1 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 131 (95–188) | 124 (89–178) | 0.4 | 148 (108–233) | 135 (98–188) | 0.02 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 202.9 ± 71.8 | 179.6 ± 64.6 | <0.001 | 208.5 ± 79.4 | 185.5 ± 72.7 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 2.3 | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.7 ± 18.0 | 125.1 ± 16.4 | <0.01 | 128.1 ± 16.8 | 127.1 ± 16.4 | 0.5 |
| Current smoking | 74 (30.1) | 135 (26.8) | 0.3 | 46 (35.9) | 110 (26.0) | 0.03 |
| Use of Antihypertensive medication | 0.1 | 0.6 | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 8 (3.2) | 26 (5.2) | 20 (15.1) | 82 (18.8) | ||
| Other antihypertensive medication | 65 (26.4) | 100 (19.8) | 27 (20.4) | 81 (18.6) | ||
| None | 173 (70.3) | 378 (75.0) | 85 (64.4) | 273 (62.6) | ||
| Type of diabetes therapy | <0.001 | <0.01 | ||||
| Lifestyle alone | 70 (28.5) | 258 (51.2) | 32 (24.2) | 166 (38.1) | ||
| Insulin‡ | 47 (19.1) | 61 (12.1) | 41 (31.1) | 88 (20.2) | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent alone | 129 (52.4) | 185 (36.7) | 59 (44.7) | 182 (41.7) | ||
| UACR (mg/g) | 12.7 (7.8–21.0) | 7.6 (4.2–12.2) | <0.001 | 14.6 (9.1–23.0) | 9.5 (6.0–14.5) | <0.001 |
| Plasma creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.85 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 0.9 | 0.84 ± 0.17 | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.4 |
The 1st examination was the baseline for outcome at the 2nd examination and the 2nd examination was the baseline for outcome at the 3rd examination. Data are presented as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and means ± standard deviations or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. To convert LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586; triglycerides in mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.01129; glucose in mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.05551; creatinine in mg/dL to µmol/L, multiply by 88.4.
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein, ACE inhibitor, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
P value was based on Chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables (diabetes duration, total triglycerides, and UACR were normalized prior to the test) for comparing differences between albuminuria statuses.
Including insulin alone or insulin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents.