Table 1.

Cross-sectional studies of depression or depressive symptoms and bone mineral density

First author	Year	Location	Sample size	Source of participantsa	Measure of exposureb	Duration of exposure	Measure of BMDc	Matching and/or statistical adjustment	Main findings
Coelho [7]	1999	Portugal	102	Community sample (only women), age: 40–80 yrs	BDI HSCL-90	Current	Lumbar spine & femur DEXA	Adjusted for age and BMI	BMD≤−2.5 SD below reference mean (osteoporosis) assoc w/higher DepSx
Reginster [22]	1999	Belgium	121	Outpatient clinic (only women), age: 48–77 yrs	GHQ	Current	Spine, total hip & femoral neck DEXA	Adjusted for age, menopause, weight, height, estrogen use	No assoc btw DepSx & BMD
Robbins [12]	2001	USA	1,566	Population-based Medicare enrollees, age: 65–100 yrs	CESD-10	Current	Total hip DEXA	Stratified by race and sex. Adjusted for age, BMI, kilocalories expended, estrogen use, smoking, alcohol intake	DepSx assoc w/lower BMD overall DepSx assoc w/lower BMD only among Caucasian women in stratified analyses
Mussolino [18]	2004	USA	5,171	Population-based, age: 30–39 yrs	DIS	Lifetime	Total proximal femur DEXA	Statified by sex. Adjusted for age, race, weight, height, food energy, calcium intake, protein intake, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, chronic conditions, weight change	Men: Major depressive episode assoc w/lower BMD Women: No assoc btwn major depressive episode & BMD
Whooley [23]	2004	USA	515	Population-based (only men), age: 50+yrs	GDS	Current	Lumbar spine & total hip DEXA	Adjusted for age, weight change, physical activity, smoking, caffeine intake, calcium use, steroid, diuretic, & benzodiazepine use, perceived health, BMI, chair stand activity	No assoc btwn DepSx & baseline BMD
Wong [15]	2005	Hong Kong	2,000	Population based (only men), age: 65–92 yrs	GDS	Current	Lumbar spine, total hip & total body DEXA	Adjusted for age, weight, calcium intake, physical activity, antipressant use, smoking status, comorbid COPD and CVD	DepSx assoc w/lower total hip BMD DepSx assoc w/increased risk of T-score≤−1
Jacka [9]	2005	Australia	78	Community sample (only women), age: 45–60 yrs	Self-report DSM-based questionaire	≤ 1 year	Lumbar spine & total hip	Adjusted for age, weight, estrogen use	DepSx assoc w/lower BMD

^aUnless otherwise stated, studies include both men and women. Mean age of study participants is given if age range was unavailable.

^bDiagnostic measures of depression (MDD or MDE): DIS diagnostic interview schedule. Non-diagnostic measures of depressive symptoms (DepSx): BDI Beck depression inventory, HSCL-90 Hopkins symptom checklist-90, GHQ general health questionnaire, CESD-10 centers for epidemiologic studies depression scale-10 item. GDS geriatric depression scale. Self-report DSM based questionnaire.

^cDEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry