Table 3.

Comparative longitudinal studies of depression or depressive symptoms and bone mineral density

First Author	Year	Location	Sample size	Follow- up duration	Source of participantsa	Measure of exposureb	Measure of BMDc	Matching and/or adjustment	Main findings
Whooley [24]	1999	USA	7,414	3.7 years	Population-based (only women), age: 65+yrs	GDS	Lumbar spine & hip DEXA	Adjusted for age, marital status, education, arthritis, diabetes, weight change, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, caffeine intake, calcium use, BMI, estrogen, steroid, diuretic, and benzodiazepine use, perceived health, quadricepts strength	No overall assoc btwn DepSx & BMDDepSx assoc w/lower BMD among highest BMI tertile vs. lower tertiles
Schweiger [13]	2000	Germany	39	2 years	Inpatient clinic, community controls, age: 40–95 yrs	MDC	Lumbar spine SE-QCT	Adjusted for baseline BMD, age, sex	MDD assoc w/increased BMD loss at followup
Whooley [23]	2004	USA	100	3.6 years	Population-based (only men), age: 50+yrs	GDS	Lumbar spine & hip DEXA	Adjusted for age, weight change, physical activity, smoking, caffeine intake, calcium use, steroid, diuretic & benzodiazepine use, perceived health, BMI, chair stand activity	No assoc btwn DepSx & mean percent change in BMD
Sogaard [19]	2005	Norway	4,690	15 years	Population-based, age: 25+yrs	MDQ	Distal & ultradistal radius SXA	Stratified by sex; adjusted for age, marital status, BMI, receiving disability benefits, physical activity, smoking, estrogen use	Women: No assoc btwn DepSx & BMD Men: No assoc btwn DepSx & BMD

^aUnless otherwise stated, studies include both men and women. Mean age of study participants is given if age range was unavailable.

^bDiagnostic measures of depression (MDD or MDE): MDC Munich diagnostic checklist. Non-diagnostic measures of depressive symptoms (DepSx): GDS geriatric depression scale, MDQ self-report mental distress questionnaire.

^cDEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, SE-QCT single-energy quantitative computerized tomography, SXA single-energy x-ray absorptiometry.