Figure 3.

Time-normalized average gradient frame energies (in squared pixels) of grammatical and ungrammatical pauses and their neighborhoods pooled across all seven speakers (standard deviation bars are plotted on top of each energy bar in a lighter color). Corresponding average local phone rates (phones/s) are also shown to the right of the gradient frame energy panel. Each panel consists of two pause groups on the x-axis: (1) grammatical and (2) ungrammatical. Group 1 consists of, in order, bars for two neighborhoods immediately before the grammatical pause (∼250 ms), followed by one bar for the pause itself (not shown for phone rate graph), followed by two bars for the neighborhoods following the pause (∼250 ms); this set of five bars is followed by a parallel sequence of five bars for the ungrammatical pauses (Group 2).