Table 3.

Inflammation-associated carcinogenic change

Inflammatory disorder	Carcinogenic formation	Ref.
Human papillomavirus infection	Cervical carcinoma	[149-152]
Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis	Colorectal carcinoma	[153-159]
Chronic cholecystitis	Gall bladder carcinoma	[160-162]
Hepatitis B, C infection	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[163-167]
Asbestosis, asthma, C. pneumoniae infection, chronic obstructive lung disease, middle lobe syndrome, silicosis	Lung carcinoma	[168-174]
Pelvic inflammatory disease	Ovarian carcinoma	[175-177]
Chronic pancreatitis	Pancreatic carcinoma	[178-183]
H pylori infected gastritis	Gastric carcinoma, lymphoma	[184-186]
Chronic cystitis, schistosomiasis	Bladder carcinoma	[187-190]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Cholangio carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, liver carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma	[191]