Table 1.
Etiologies of Hypocitraturia
| Acid-base balance |
| Renal tubular acidosis |
| Other systemic acidosis |
| Diarrhea/malabsorption |
| Exercise |
| Hypokalemia |
| Diet |
| Dietary animal protein |
| High sodium intake |
| Ketosis promoting diets |
| Low fruit/vegetable intake |
| Starvation |
| Medications |
| ACE inhibitors |
| Acetazolamide |
| Amiloride |
| Calcitonin |
| Calcium |
| Ethacrynic acid |
| Lithium |
| Topiramate |
| Vitamin D |
| Genetic influence |
| VDR polymorphisms |
| NaDC-1 gene polymorphisms |
| Other associated disorders |
| Renal insufficiency |
| Hyperaldosteronism |
| Type I glycogen storage disease |
| Hypocalciuria, hypomagnesuria |
| Precursor compounds |
| Metabolic inhibitors |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; VDR, vitamin D receptor.