Fig. 5.

Path analyses of the influences of limb length, posture and substrate reaction force (SRF) direction on (A) shoulder, (B) elbow, (C) hip and (D) knee joint load arm lengths during locomotion on the ground. Values in parentheses next to the path coefficients are the percentage of load arm length variance uniquely explained by each predictor variable, as determined by hierarchical partitioning. Gray shading indicates that the path or variance partition was not significant. χ² tests of model fit are also presented for each joint. The total coefficient of determination (R²) for each model is also shown in bold red type.