| Hypothalamus |
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NPY |
Medial arcuate nucleus (also widespread in CNS) |
Y1, Y5 |
Stimulating feeding and antagonizing POMC actions |
|
AgRP |
Medial arcuate nucleus |
MC3R and MC4R antagonist |
Stimulating feeding |
|
| Peripheral peptides |
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|
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Ghrelin |
Stomach |
GHS-R1a |
Stimulating feeding by increasing NPY/AgRP and antagonizing leptin effects |
|
| Satiety |
|
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|
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| Hypothalamus |
|
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|
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POMC/α-MSH |
Arcuate nucleus |
MC3R and MC4R |
Inhibiting feeding, stimulating basal metabolic rate, and altering nutrient partitioning |
|
CART |
Arcuate nucleus |
|
Inhibiting feeding |
|
| Peripheral peptides |
|
|
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|
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CCK |
Duodenum, jejunum |
CCK-A, CCK-B |
Inhibiting feeding and Stimulating pancreatic secretion, gall bladder contraction, intestinal motility, and inhibition of gastric motility |
|
PYY |
Ileum, colon, rectum |
Y2 |
Inhibiting feeding by inhibition of NPY and stimulation of POMC |
|
PP |
Endocrine pancreas |
Y4, Y5 |
Inhibiting feeding |
|
Oxyntomodulin |
Distal ileum and colon |
GLP-1 receptor |
Inhibiting gastric acid secretion, decreasing gastric emptying, and decreasing pancreatic enzyme secretion |
|
GLP-1 |
Distal ileum and colon |
GLP-1 receptor |
Delaying gastric emptying, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, and stimulating somatostatin secretion |
|
GIP |
Stomach, duodenum, jejunum |
GIP receptor |
Glucose-dependent insulin secretion, induction of β cell proliferation, promotion of energy storage, enhancement of bone formation |
|
Insulin |
Endocrine pancreas |
Insulin receptor |
Inhibiting feeding |
|
Leptin |
Adipose tissue |
Leptin receptor, Ob-Rb |
Inhibiting NPY and AgRP and Stimulating POMC and CART |
|
Adiponectin |
Adipose tissue |
Adipo R1, R2 |
Inhibiting feeding |
