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. 2009 Nov 20;5(11):e1000570. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000570

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Ge et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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A. Traces of the time series. B. The causal relationships considered in Toy Model 1 between the three state variables. C. The estimated parameters , , and for the simulated data in Toy Model 1. The initial values of the three parameters are all set to 0. The covariance matrix is first set to decay slowly to achieve faster convergence and then set to decay faster after two hundred time points to ensure a better accuracy. D. Frequency decomposition of all kinds of relationships between the state variables. Significant causal influences are marked by red.

Inline graphic — A. Traces of the time series. B. The causal relationships considered in Toy Model 1 between the three state variables. C. The estimated parameters , , and for the simulated data in Toy Model 1. The initial values of the three parameters are all set to 0. The covariance matrix is first set to decay slowly to achieve faster convergence and then set to decay faster after two hundred time points to ensure a better accuracy. D. Frequency decomposition of all kinds of relationships between the state variables. Significant causal influences are marked by red.