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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Oct 14;57(19):8820–8830. doi: 10.1021/jf901202y

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Fraction 3 from a 2005 extract of Echinacea pallida (PI631293) significantly inhibited PGE2 production in RAW264.7 cells. The black bars represent PGE2 levels after induction with 1 μg/ml LPS and treatment with an Echinacea fraction or ethanol extract (n = 3). All treatments + LPS were compared to media + DMSO + LPS control that was set at 100 % (2.0 ng/ml). Treatments were also performed without LPS induction showing no significant reduction in PGE2 production (p ≥ 0.21). The treatments without LPS were compared to the media + DMSO control set at 100 % (0.2 ng/ml). Media alone did not inhibit PGE2 production (104 % of control). Baicalein and quercetin were used as positive controls and showed significant inhibition of PGE2 production (p<0.001). Parallel cytotoxicity screens were conducted yielding no significant cytotoxicity with any of the E. pallida fractions (data not shown). * and ** are representative of p<0.05 and p<0.001. Each bar represents % of control ± standard error.