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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Oct 14;57(19):8820–8830. doi: 10.1021/jf901202y

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(A) GC-MS chromatogram of Fraction 3 from E. pallida, identifying key ketones. All identified constituents were confirmed via synthetic standards. (B) Significant inhibition of LPS induced PGE2 production in RAW264.7 cells after treatment with chemically synthesized Bauer Ketones at concentrations present in Fraction 3 from E. pallida. The black bars represent PGE2 levels after induction with 1 μg/ml LPS and treatment with an Echinacea fraction or synthetic Bauer Ketone (n = 3). All treatments + LPS were compared to media + DMSO + LPS control that was set at 100 % (5.6 ng/ml) with the combination of Bauer Ketones 21, 23, and 24 showing significant reduction of PGE2 production (p = 0.032). Treatments were also performed without LPS induction and compared to the media + DMSO control set at 100 % (0.03 ng/ml) and no significant changes were observed with any of the treatments in this comparison. Media alone did not inhibit PGE2 production (99 % of control). * and ** are representative of p<0.05 and p<0.001. Each bar represents % of control ± standard error. Quercetin was used as the positive control.