Table 1.
Inhibition of LPS induced PGE2 production and cytotoxicity analysis after treatments with E. purpurea and E. tennesseensis fractionsa
Anti-inflammatory (PGE2) | Cytotoxicity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species Fraction Accession | Concentration (μg/ml) | % of Control ± SE | p-value | Concentration (μg/ml) | % Control ± SE | p-value |
E. purpurea Fraction 1 PI631307 | 274 | 122. ± 22 | 0.62 | 274 | 101 ± 2 | 0.81 |
E. purpurea Fraction 2 PI631307 | 89 | 134 ± 10 | 0.38 | 89 | 98 ± 3 | 0.49 |
E. purpurea Fraction 3 PI631307 | 75 | 65 ± 21 | 0.08 | 75 | 105 ± 2 | 0.23 |
E. purpurea Fraction 4 PI631307 | 41 | 112 ± 11 | 0.75 | 41 | 98 ± 4 | 0.56 |
E. purpurea Fraction 5 PI631307 | 95 | 118 ± 21 | 0.68 | 95 | 96 ± 2 | 0.33 |
E. purpurea Fraction 6 PI631307 | 96 | 123 ± 15 | 0.56 | 96 | 101 ± 4 | 0.87 |
E. purpurea Fraction 7 PI631307 | 23 | 137 ± 39 | 0.53 | 23 | 94 ± 1 | 0.14 |
E. purpurea Ethanol Extract PI631307 | 25 | 48 ± 13 | 0.02 | 25 | 105 ± 4 | 1.0 |
E. tennesseensis Fraction 1 PI631250 | 271 | 87 ± 9 | 0.48 | 577 | 94 ± 3 | 0.11 |
E. tennesseensis Fraction 2 PI631250 | 0.3 | 109 ± 11 | 0.72 | 0.3 | 96 ± 5 | 0.30 |
E. tennesseensis Fraction 2 PI631250 | 0.14 | 104 ± 13 | 0.91 | |||
E. tennesseensis Fraction 3 PI631250 | 41 | 6 ± 2 | <0.0001 | 41 | 96 ± 3 | 0.77 |
E. tennesseensis Fraction 3 PI631250 | 20 | 24 ± 10 | <0.0001 | |||
E. tennesseensis Fraction 3 PI631250 | 5 | 90 ± 21 | 0.48 | |||
E. tennesseensis Fraction 4 PI631250 | 8 | 119 ± 4 | 0.43 | 17 | 97 ± 3 | 0.38 |
E. tennesseensis Fraction 5 PI631250 | 11 | 128 ± 14 | 0.28 | 23 | 89 ± 3 | 0.01 |
E. tennesseensis Ethanol Extract PI631250 | 25 | 89 ± 9 | 0.56 | 59 | 89 ± 1 | 0.01 |
HPLC was used to fractionate a 2005 extract of E. purpurea (PI631370) and a 2005 extract of E. tennesseensis (PI631250), yielding no significant inhibition of PGE2 production at concentrations lower than 20 μg/ml. All treatments were compared to media + DMSO control that was set at 100% for both PGE2 analysis and cytotoxicity. For E. purpurea and E. tennesseensis, 100% of control for PGE2 was 1.7 ng/ml and 2.8 ng/ml, respectively. Baicalein (6 μM) was the positive control for the PGE2 assay and ursolic acid (10 μM, 30 μM, 50 μM) was the positive control for the MTS cytotoxicity assay. Each fraction or extract represents three replicates ± standard error for both the PGE2 and cytotoxicity analyses. Cytotoxicity was not performed on dilutions of fractions when the higher concentrations were not cytotoxic.