Table 5.
Negative Binomial Regression Results, ‘Cannabis Only’ Frequent Users (N=1,119)
| Predictors | Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression/Anxiety | Weakness | |||||
| Ratio, Mean Number of Symptoms | Regression Coefficient (SE) | P | Ratio, Mean Number of Symptoms | Regression Coefficient (SE) | P | |
| Clinical significance | ||||||
| Withdrawal caused significant distress/impairment | 1.96 | 0.67 (0.20) | <0.01 | 1.92 | 0.65 (0.12) | <0.01 |
| Substance used to relieve/avoid symptoms | 3.07 | 1.12 (0.21) | <0.01 | 2.14 | 0.76 (0.11) | <0.01 |
| Cannabis use and family drug history | ||||||
| Smoked >1 joint/day, heaviest period | 1.33 | 0.29 (0.14) | 0.04 | 1.24 | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.03 |
| Cannabis use onset < age 16 | 0.98 | −0.02 (0.18) | 0.90 | 1.18 | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.11 |
| Duration, heaviest period of use (<52 weeks) | 1.48 | 0.39 (0.17) | 0.02 | 1.13 | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.23 |
| Family history drug problems (parents or sibs) | 0.91 | −0.10 (0.17) | 0.57 | 1.24 | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.01 |
| Lifetime psychiatric history | ||||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | 1.39 | 0.33 (0.15) | 0.03 | 1.24 | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.02 |
| GAD | 1.14 | 0.13 (0.25) | 0.60 | 0.85 | −0.16 (0.18) | 0.34 |
| Panic disorder | 1.66 | 0.50 (0.16) | <0.01 | 1.19 | 0.18 (0.16) | 0.26 |
| Personality disorder1 | 1.86 | 0.62 (0.24) | 0.01 | 1.23 | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 2.50 | 0.92 (0.34) | 0.008 | 1.84 | 0.61 (0.21) | 0.004 |
| Gender | 1.38 | 0.32 (0.13) | 0.02 | 1.14 | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.13 |
1
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, schizoid, histrionic and antisocial disorders (remaining personality disorders were assessed in NESARC Wave 2 and will be reported later).