Table 2.
Mean (SD) Levels of Plasma Cytokines in Suicidal Adolescents with MDD, Nonsuicidal Adolescents with MDD, and Controls
| |
|
Adolescents with MDD |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine measure | Healthy controls (n = 15) | Suicidal (n = 12) | Nonsuicidal (n = 18) |
| Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) | 0.37 (0.64) | 2.14 (6.22)a | 4.20 (14.48)b |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) | 4.13 (13.44) | 1.33 (2.95)c | 30.90 (110.9) |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | 0.49 (0.90) | 0.61 (0.72) | 2.12 (3.58) |
| IL-1β | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.06) |
| IL-4 | 0.28 (0.35) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.08) |
| IFN-γ/interleukin-4 | 1.76 (2.28) | 13.34 (39.98) | 18.82 (66.33)d |
Analysis of covariance is based on ranks adjusting for age and gender.
a
IFN-γ: suicidal versus controls (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.02; ANCOVA, p < 0.03).
b
IFN-γ: nonsuicidal versus controls (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.005; ANCOVA, p = 0.005).
c
TNF-α: suicidal versus nonsuicidal (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.03; ANCOVA, p < 0.03).
d
IFN-γ/IL-4: nonsuicidal versus controls (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.005; ANCOVA, p = 0.007).
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; MDD = major depressive disorder; ANCOVA = analysis of covariance.