Table 1.

Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Heart Failure Associated Skeletal Myopathy [30]

Factor	Effect	Effect of Exercise Training
TNF-α	Increased skeletal muscle apoptosis (Libera LD, J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001)	↓ skeletal muscle expression*
IL-6	Inversely correlated with muscle fiber diameter (Larsen AI, et a. Inter J Cardiology)	↓ skeletal muscle expression*
IL-1-beta	Inversely correlated with muscle fiber cross sectional area and IGF expression (Schulz pc et a.).	↓ skeletal muscle expression*
iNOS	Increased skeletal muscle apoptosis	↓ skeletal muscle expression*
Sympathetic Stimulation 31	Arteriolar Constriction and Decreased Capillary Blood Flow Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Apoptosis Inflammation and cytokine release Augmented glycogenolysis	↓ tonic sympathetic tone and sympathetic stimulation of muscle