Table 2.

Effects of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Histology, Enzymology and Immunology in Patients with Heart Failure

Study	Patient Population	Training Period	Findings
Hambrecht R, et al. (1995) [5]	22 males EF <40% NYHA II-III	6 months	19% ↑ in mitochondrial volume density 41% ↑ cytochrome c oxidase positive mitochondrial volume density.
Belardinelli R et al. (1995) [58]	23 men, 4 women EF 30% ± 5% NYHA II-III	8 weeks	24% ↑ in Type I and 17% ↑ in Type II cross sectional area 5% ↑ in capillary density 22% ↑ in mitochondrial volume density
Hambrecht R, et al. (1997) [59]	18 patients 26% ± 10%	6 months	41% ↑ surface density of mitochondrial cytochrome c 43% ↑ mitochondria cristae “Reshift” from Type II to Type I fiber type
Tyni-Lenne R, et al. (1997) [60]	16 women EF ~ 30% NYHA II-III	8 weeks training, 8 weeks non-training	32% ↑ in oxidative capacity
Tyni-Lenne R, et al. (1999) [29]	24 men and women EF 30% ± 11%	8 weeks of training	23% ↑ in oxidative capacity in patients undergoing cycle training 45% ↑ in oxidative capacity in patients undergoing aerobic knee extensor training
Tyni-Lenne R, et al. (1999) [61]	16 women EF 28% ± 8	8 weeks	Decreased number of Type I fibers Increased cross sectional area of muscle fibers
Kiilavuori K, et al. (2000) [62]	27 patients NYHA II-III	3 months	No change in capillary density No change in fiber type Increased anaerobic glycolysis No change in oxidative capacity
Larsen AI et al. (2002) [63]	15 men and women NYHA II-III EF 33% ± 5%	12 weeks	Non-statistically significant increase in IIb fiber type thickness Non-statistically significant decrease in Type I fiber type thickness
Santoro C, et al. (2002) [64]	6 patients	16 weeks	23.4% ↑ in mitochondrial size
Keteyian SJ, et al. (2003) [65]	10 men, 5 women NYHA II-III EF <35%	14-24 weeks	Increase in MHC class I in men but not women (38% v. -3%) No change in capillary density No change in enzymatic activity
Gielen S, et al. (2003) [30]	20 patients EF 25% ± 2%	6 months	No change in serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 Decreased local muscle TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6