Table 6.

Conditions associated with elevation of serum amylase

Pancreatic diseases	Extrapancreatic neoplasms
Pancreatitis	Solid tumors of ovary, prostate, lung, esophagus, breast, thymus
Complications of pancreatitis (pseudocyst, abscess)	Multiple myeloma
Trauma (including surgery and ERCP)	Pheochromocytoma
Ductal obstruction	Miscellaneous
Pancreatic carcinoma	Renal failure
Cystic fibrosis (early)	Renal transplant
Salivary diseases	Macroamylase
Infection (mumps)	Burns
Trauma (including surgery)	Acidosis (ketotic and nonketotic)
Radiation	Pregnancy
Ductal obstruction	Cerebral trauma
Gastrointestinal diseases	Drug-induced (morphine, diuretics, corticosteroids)
Perforated/penetrating peptic ulcer	Abdominal aortic aneurysma
Perforated/obstructed bowel	Postoperative (unrelated to trauma)
Mesenteric infarction	Anorexia, bulimia nervosa
Appendicitis	Idiopathic elevation
Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
Gynecologic diseases
Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian or fallopian cysts
Pelvic inflammatory disease

Adapted from Apple et al.⁸