Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of 36 patients with intracranial SAH caused by SAVS
| First author (year of publication) | Gender | Age* | n of SAH | Delaya | Location SAVS | Classification SAVS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Craniocervical SAVS (n = 14) | ||||||
| Aviv (2004) [10] | M | 57 | 1 | No delay | C1 | Unknown |
| F | 53 | 1 | No delay | C2 | Unknown | |
| Do (1999) [11] | M | 50 | 1 | No delay | C1 | Unknown |
| Endo (2001) [12] | M | 70 | 1 | No delay | C1 | Unknown |
| Hashimoto (2000) [13] | F | 66 | 1 | No delay | C1 | Dorsal intradural AVF |
| Hosoda (1994) [14] | M | 69 | 1 | No delay | CCJ | Intramedullary AVM |
| M | 59 | 1 | No delay | CCJ | Intramedullary AVM | |
| M | 70 | 1 | No delay | CCJ | Intramedullary AVM | |
| Kai (2005) [15] | M | 54 | 1 | No delay | CCJ | Ventral intradural AVF |
| Kinouchi (1998) [16] | M | 68 | 1 | No delay | C1 | Unknown |
| Markert (1996) [17] | F | 72 | 1 | No delay | C1–C2 | Ventral intradural AVF |
| Morris (1960) [18] | M | 34 | 2 | No delay | C1–C2 | Unknown |
| Yaşargil (1975) [19] | M | 37 | 1 | No delay | C1–C2 | Unknown |
| F | 31 | 12 | 9 | C1–C2 | Unknown | |
| Mean (SD) | 56 (14) | |||||
| Cervical SAVS (n = 11) | ||||||
| Bassuk (2003) [20] | F | 13 | 1 | No delay | C4 | Extra-intradural AVM |
| Halbach (1993) [21] | F | 11 | 1 | No delay | Midcervical | Ventral intradural AVF |
| Henson (1956) [22] | M | 13 | 2 | 2 | C1–4 | Unknown |
| Hida (2002) [23] | F | 62 | 1 | No delay | C5 | Ventral intradural AVF |
| Höök (1958) [24] | F | 25 | 2 | 9 | C4–6 | Unknown |
| Morimoto (1992) [25] | M | 61 | 1 | No delay | C5 | Unknown |
| Odom(1962) [26] | F | 11 | 1 | No delay | C3–7 | Unknown |
| Willinksy (1990) [27] | M | 36 | 1 | No delay | C8 | Dorsal intradural AVM |
| Yaşargil (1975) [19] | M | 20 | 9 | 15 | C3 | Unknown |
| M | 21 | 1 | 4 | C2–5 | Unknown | |
| F | 18 | 4 | 7 | C5/2-7 | Unknown | |
| Mean (SD) | 26 (19) | |||||
| Thoracolumbar SAVS (n = 11) | ||||||
| Clark (1995) [28] | M | 4 | 1 | No delay | T9–L2 | Dorsal intradural AVF |
| Cogen (1983) [29] | M | 7 | 3 | 2 | T9–12 | Intramedullary AVM |
| Koch (2004) [30]b | F | 46 | 1 | No delay | L4 | Dorsal intradural AVF |
| Maggioni (1995) [31] | F | 23 | 1 | No delay | T10–12 | Intramedullary AVM |
| Mandzia (1999) [32] | M | 9 | 1 | No delay | T12 | Conus medullaris AVM |
| Parkinson (1977) [33]c | M | 47 | 2 | 5 | T12 | Unknown |
| Rosenow (2000) [34] | M | 27 | 1 | No delay | T10–11 | Ventral intradural AVF |
| van Santbrink (2003) [35] | M | 38 | 1 | No delay | L1 | Conus medullaris AVM |
| Wakai (1992) [36] | M | 6 | 2 | 2 | C7–T2 | Ventral intradural AVM |
| Williams (1991) [37] | F | 16 | 4 | 3 | T8 | Intramedullary AVM |
| This study (2006) | F | 6 | 1 | No delay | T12–L3 | Extra-intradural AVM |
| Mean (SD) | 21 (17) | |||||
AVF Arteriovenous fistula, AVM Arteriovenous malformation, CCJ Craniocervical junction, F Female, M Male, n Number, SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage, SAVS Spinal arteriovenous malformation. *With first symptoms of SAH; a Delay between first SAH and diagnosis of SAVS (in years); b In this patient, a posterior communicating artery aneurysm was initially thought to be the cause of her SAH. During the operation, the surgeon was not convinced that the aneurysm had ruptured and caused the symptoms. A subsequent MRI showed a lumbar SAVS surrounded by a subarachnoid blood clot and was confirmed after spinal angiography [30]; c In this patient, intracranial SAH was first attributed to a temporal AVM. After angiographically confirmed total excision of the AVM, the patient presented with another intracranial SAH 4 years later. Four-vessel angiography revealed no intracranial vascular malformation but a subsequent myelogram demonstrated a thoracolumbar SAVS [33]. Eight patients presenting with SAH due to a SAVS were not included in this table because of symptoms that at first presentation immediately indicated a cause with spinal location: presentation with a paraparesis [38, 39], quadriparesis, and sensory disturbances below the midcervical level within a few hours after sudden severe headache [19, 40], and back pain as predominant clinical symptom [41, 42]. An additional patient was diagnosed with a spinal AVM in 1967 when he presented with a bilateral foot drop, increased lower extremity deep tendon reflexes with extensor plantar responses, and a sensory impairment below T8 level. Five years later, a cerebral AVM and a large cervical AVM were diagnosed on angiography after he presented with a two-month history of headaches and right leg pain. After another two years, he presented with an acute SAH that could be attributed to either AVM [43]