Mean (SD) age in years |
12.5 (2.4) |
11.4 (2.2) |
11.8 (2.3) |
|
% Girls |
60.9 |
45.5 |
59.3 |
|
Race |
% American Indian/Alaskan Native |
0.0 |
0.0 |
4.6 |
% Asian/Pacific Islander |
2.2 |
4.3 |
1.8 |
% Black or African American |
45.7 |
42.6 |
29.7 |
% White |
32.6 |
51.1 |
54.8 |
% Other |
19.6 |
2.1 |
9.1 |
% Hispanic or Latino |
13.0 |
14.6 |
34.4 |
|
% self-reported ADHD |
0.0 |
0.0 |
15.4 |
|
% visual acuity 20/20 equivalent or better at near |
89.1 |
100.0 |
81.0 |
|
Mean (SD) Spherical Equivalent – Right Eye (D) |
−0.75 (2.1) |
−0.66 (1.6) |
−0.08 (1.5) |
|
Refractive error category – Right eye |
% Myopic (more than −0.50D SPHEQ) |
30.4 |
38.9 |
22.6 |
% Hyperopic (more than +1.00D SPHEQ) |
0.0 |
3.7 |
9.1 |
% Emmetropic |
69.6 |
57.4 |
68.3 |
|
% Glasses wearer |
37.0 |
n/a |
34.4 |
|
Mean (SD) Near Point of Convergence (cm) |
Break |
3.5 (1.2) |
3.7 (1.1) |
14.2 (7.5) |
Recovery |
5.2 (1.7) |
5.4 (1.4) |
17.9 (8.2) |
|
Mean (SD) Positive Fusional Vergence (Δ) |
Blur/Break |
24.0 (10.2) |
24.8 (8.4) |
10.9 (3.9) |
Recovery |
22.1 (7.7) |
20.2 (8.0) |
8.8 (4.5) |
|
Mean (SD) Phoria (Δ) |
At Near |
2.1 exo (2.3) |
1.7 exo (2.3) |
9.3 exo (4.4) |
At Distance |
0.6 exo (1.3) |
0.6 exo (1.3) |
1.9 exo (2.8) |
|
% with Intermittent Tropia |
At Near |
0.0 |
0.0 |
10.4 |
At Distance |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.7 |
|
% failed Sheard’s criterion |
2.2 |
0.0 |
82.3 |
|
Mean (SD) Negative Fusional Vergence (Δ) |
Blur/Break |
12.8 (4.4) |
13.8 (6.2) |
11.2 (4.7) |
Recovery |
11.0 (3.6) |
11.0 (5.6) |
9.9 (4.4) |
|
Mean (SD) Monocular (O.D.) Accommodative Amplitude (D) |
16.2 (4.1) |
17.8 (6.5) |
9.9 (3.8) |
% with Accommodative Insufficiency |
0.0 |
5.5 |
54.8 |
|
Mean (SD) Monocular (O.D.) Accommodative Facility (cycles/min) |
8.9 (5.8) |
11.8 (3.6) |
6.5 (4.4) |