Table 1.
Cardiac geometry and hemodynamic variables
| Normal (NL, n=6) | Heart Failure (HF, n=6) | p HF vs NL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma hormones | |||
| Plasma ANP (pg/ml) | 58 ± 48 | 257 ± 137 | 0.01 |
| Plasma cBNP (pg/ml) | 11 ± 1 | 68 ± 42 | 0.006 |
| Conscious echocardiography | |||
| LV end diastolic dimension (cm) | 4.06 ± 0.31 | 4.96 ± 0.19 | 0.0002 |
| Ejection Fraction (%) | 62 ± 6 | 16 ± 8 | 0.0001 |
| Left atrial volume (ml) | 26 ± 12 | 87 ± 36 | 0.006 |
| Hemodynamic study | |||
| Systolic function | |||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 108 ± 13 | 107 ±15 | 0.9 |
| LV peak systolic pressure (mmHg) | 104 ± 10 | 94 ± 23 | 0.3 |
| Ejection Fraction (%) | 53 ± 8 | 26 ± 4 | 0.0001 |
| End systolic elastance (Ees, mmHg/ml) | 11.5 ± 9.0 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.008 |
| V0 (ml) | 6.3 ± 8.6 | 27.7 ± 15.2 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic function | |||
| LV end diastolic volume (ml) | 46.5 ± 21.4 | 110 ± 20 | 0.004 |
| LV end diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 15 ± 7 | 25 ± 6 | 0.02 |
| tau (ms) | 36 ± 12 | 82 ± 31 | 0.01 |
| LV diastolic stiffness coefficent (β, mmHg/ml) | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.004 |
| α | 0.21 ± 0.20 | 0.89 ± 0.93 | 0.3 |
| β Normalized (mmHg) | 10.53 ± 4.16 | 3.86 ± 1.07 | 0.02 |
| Myocardial stiffness index (κ) | 12.50 ± 3.56 | 8.45 ± 1.93 | 0.04 |
| LV capacitance (EDV20, ml) | 46 ± 19 | 112 ± 29 | 0.004 |
| Wall stress | |||
| LV end systolic wall stress (σES, mmHg) | 64 ± 27 | 131 ± 55 | 0.01 |
| LV end diastolic wall stress (σED, mmHg) | 21 ± 16 | 50 ± 15 | 0.02 |
| Left atrial diastolic wall stress (σED, mmHg)* | 47 ± 44 | 124 ± 44 | 0.02 |
*
pre-volume expansion
Abbreviations: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; cBNP, canine brain natriuretic peptide; LV, left ventricular