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. 2009 Jul-Sep;25(3):302–311. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.56177

Table 2.

Outcomes with large series of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children

Study No. children/Renal units Mean age (yrs) Equipment Stone size (mm) Transfusion (%) Stone free (%) Sandwich therapy (%) Complications (%)
Badawy et al.[33] 60 6 US n/a 3.3 90 1.7 Fever - 8.3
Colon injury - 1.7
Urine leak - 3.3
Open conversion - 5
Zeren et al.[34] 55/62 7.9 US, EHL 16.8 23.9 86.9 1.6 Fever - 29.8
Open conversion - 1.6
Rizvi et al.[15] 62 n/a US 47 25.3 67.7 27.4 Open conversion - 4.8
Fever - 46.8
Urine leak - 6.4
Hydrothorax - 1.6
Desai et al.[35] 56 9.1 EHL 18.4 14.3 89.8 5.4 Urine leak - 5.4
Salah et al.[36] 135/138 8.9 US 22.5 0.7 98.6 0 Urine leak - 8
Holman et al.[37] 138 8.9 US 22.5 .4 98.5 0 Fever - 1.1
Urine leak - 8
Samad et al.[38] 169/188 8.2 n/a 27.2 4 59.3 34.5 Fever - 42.8
Hyponatremia - 0.1
Obstruction - 0.1
Shokeir et al.[39] 75/82 6.6 US 14.4 1.2 95.1 4.8 Urine leak - 1.2

EHL – electrohydraulic lithotripsy; US – ultrasound, HL – holmium laser