Table 2.

Outcomes with large series of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children

Study	No. children/Renal units	Mean age (yrs)	Equipment	Stone size (mm)	Transfusion (%)	Stone free (%)	Sandwich therapy (%)	Complications (%)
Badawy et al.[33]	60	6	US	n/a	3.3	90	1.7	Fever - 8.3
								Colon injury - 1.7
								Urine leak - 3.3
								Open conversion - 5
Zeren et al.[34]	55/62	7.9	US, EHL	16.8	23.9	86.9	1.6	Fever - 29.8
								Open conversion - 1.6
Rizvi et al.[15]	62	n/a	US	47	25.3	67.7	27.4	Open conversion - 4.8
								Fever - 46.8
								Urine leak - 6.4
								Hydrothorax - 1.6
Desai et al.[35]	56	9.1	EHL	18.4	14.3	89.8	5.4	Urine leak - 5.4
Salah et al.[36]	135/138	8.9	US	22.5	0.7	98.6	0	Urine leak - 8
Holman et al.[37]	138	8.9	US	22.5	.4	98.5	0	Fever - 1.1
								Urine leak - 8
Samad et al.[38]	169/188	8.2	n/a	27.2	4	59.3	34.5	Fever - 42.8
								Hyponatremia - 0.1
								Obstruction - 0.1
Shokeir et al.[39]	75/82	6.6	US	14.4	1.2	95.1	4.8	Urine leak - 1.2

EHL – electrohydraulic lithotripsy; US – ultrasound, HL – holmium laser