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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2009 Oct 16;139(2):416–427. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.035

Figure 1. Stimulating dNPF neurons promotes appetitive memory expression in satiated flies.

Figure 1

A. Feeding after training suppresses appetitive memory performance. Double asterisk, significant difference (P<0.007); single asterisk (P<0.03) from all other groups. Temperature shift protocols are shown. White bar represents fly storage in empty vials, while yellow bar indicates flies stored with food -figure format used throughout this study. B. dNPF is expressed in neurons that innervate the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum, the SOG and the CC. Immunostaining with anti-dNPF antibody (red), partially overlaps (yellow, merge) with dNPF-GAL4 driven CD8::GFP (green). dNPF stained cells in the SOG are not labeled by dNPF-GAL4. The dNPF antibody only labels the upper layer of the fan-shaped body, consistent with processes in the ellipsoid body and lower fan-shaped body being post-synaptic regions. Scale bar represents 20µm. C. Feeding flies after training suppresses memory performance. All flies were food-deprived, trained, fed and tested at 23°C. D. Stimulating dNPF neurons before testing produces memory performance in fed flies. All flies were food-deprived, trained, and fed for 150min at 23°C. All flies were then transferred to 31°C for 30min and tested for appetitive memory. Asterisk denotes significant difference (P<0.05, ANOVA) from unmarked groups. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).