Table 1.

Modified Dukes Classification for Rectal Cancer Staging

A	Limited to rectal wall
B	Extending through rectal wall into extrarectal tissue
	B1	Tumor penetration into muscularis propria
	B2	Tumor penetration through muscularis propria
C	Metastases to regional lymph nodes
	C1	Limited to rectal wall with nodal involvement
	C2	Penetrating through rectal wall with nodal involvement
D	Distant metastases (liver, lung, bone)