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. 2009 Dec 3;4(12):e8141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008141

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Su et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(A, B) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates astrocytes to change into reactive astrocytes. After incubation with LPS (10 µg/mL) for 24 hr, astrocytes are activated to express nestin (A) and undergo an extensive hypertrophy of their cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes and a massive up-regulation of GFAP (B). Scale bars: 50 µm (A); 25 µm (B). (C) Reactive astrocyte-conditioned medium (RAC-CM) promotes OECs migration. After stimulation with defined medium (DM), astrocyte-conditioned medium (AC-CM) or RAC-CM for 8 hr, the migrating cells in the Boyden chambers are stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and counted. **P<0.01 versus DM. (D) Enhancement of migration of OECs by RAC-CM is dose-dependent. *P<0.05 versus AC-CM, **P<0.01 versus AC-CM.