Table 4.
Risk of Death (95% CI) in Fully Adjusted Model for Whites and Blacks With Specific Comorbidities
| Hazard Ratios (95% CI)a |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Elixhauser Comorbidity | Whitesb | Blacksc | Black:Whited |
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.61 (1.23, 2.09) |
| Prevalence >5% in one or both races | |||
| Anemia: blood loss | 1.04 (0.68, 1.59) | 1.35 (0.69, 2.63) | 2.08 (0.91, 4.76) |
| Anemia: deficiency | 1.23 (0.81, 1.89) | 0.87 (0.44, 1.71) | 1.13 (0.48, 2.62) |
| Arrhythmia | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.27) | 1.40 (0.98, 2.00) |
| CHF | 1.86 (1.66, 2.09) | 2.22 (1.78, 2.78) | 1.92 (1.34, 2.74) |
| Diabetes: uncomplicated | 1.35 (1.25, 1.46) | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) | 1.55 (1.15, 2.11) |
| Hypertension | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 1.44 (1.10, 1.90) |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.84) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.59) |
| PVD | 1.51 (1.37, 1.66) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.50) | 1.27 (0.89, 1.81) |
| Valvular disease | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.43) | 1.58 (1.05, 2.38) |
| Prevalence <5% in both races | |||
| Alcoholism | 1.54 (1.19, 2.00) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.28) | 1.57 (0.91, 2.70) |
| Coagulopathy | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.58) | 1.46 (0.86, 2.47) |
| COPD | 1.83 (1.70, 1.97) | 1.27 (1.07, 1.53) | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) |
| Depression | 1.20 (1.00, 1.43) | 1.46 (0.97, 2.21) | 1.96 (1.17, 3.30) |
| Diabetes: complicated | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) | 1.59 (0.85, 3.01) |
| Electrolyte abnormality | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) | 1.97 (1.31, 2.96) |
| Liver disease | 1.34 (1.11, 1.61) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.46) | 1.15 (0.66, 1.97) |
| Neurological disease | 1.48 (1.26, 1.74) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.22) | 1.77 (1.15, 2.72) |
| Paralysis | 1.06 (0.79, 1.43) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.80) | 1.60 (0.83, 3.08) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) | 0.69 (0.36, 1.35) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.93) |
| Psychosis | 2.24 (1.83, 2.75) | 1.76 (1.26, 2.45) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.00) |
| Renal insufficiency | 1.63 (1.39, 1.91) | 1.33 (1.02, 1.73) | 1.31 (0.87, 1.97) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1.05 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.57) | 1.45 (0.79, 2.66) |
| Stroke | 1.51 (1.30, 1.76) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.86) |
| Weight loss | 1.70 (1.20, 2.40) | 1.46 (0.93, 2.30) | 1.39 (0.75, 2.58) |
Note: CI = confidence interval; CHF = coronary heart failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PVD = peripheral vascular disease.
a
Risk of death in fully adjusted model relative to patients with no comorbidities for individual Elixhauser comorbidity categories.
b
Hazard ratios (HR + 95% CIs) for Whites relative to Whites with no comorbidities.
c
Hazard ratios (HR + 95% CIs) for Blacks relative to Blacks with no comorbidities.
d
Hazard ratios (HR + 95% CIs) for Blacks relative to Whites with the same comorbidity.