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CHF and cardiac hypertrophy are associated with increased expression of ANP and BNP (natriuretic peptides, NP), which are considered to be induced by tensile stretch during cardiac dilation. The NP receptor responsiveness is blunted. Chromogranin A, another neuroendocrine protein is increased during CHF and has been shown to exert cardiodepressive effects in animal studies. LVAD is associated with decreased expression of NP and Chromogranin A.
