TABLE 5.

Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, and metabolic variables in response to a hypocaloric low-carbohydrate (n = 12) and low-fat diet (n = 12)

Variable	Low-carbohydrate diet			Low-fat diet			Between-group P†
	Before diet	After diet	P*	Before diet	After diet	P*
Weight (kg)	97.7 ± 14.4	90.3 ± 12.9	<0.01	91.5 ± 11.1	85.0 ± 11.2	<0.01	0.40
BMI (kg/m2)	34.5 ± 4.2	31.9 ± 3.9	<0.01	32.8 ± 3.0	30.5 ± 3.0	<0.01	0.51
Waist circumference (cm)	107.0 ± 11.1	102.4 ± 10.4	<0.01	105.1 ± 9.0	100.0 ± 8.5	<0.01	0.63
DEXA fat body mass (kg)	38.8 ± 8.5	34.9 ± 9.0	<0.01	37.3 ± 6.5	33.5 ± 6.6	<0.01	0.89
DEXA lean body mass (kg)	54.4 ± 11.2	51.6 ± 9.8	<0.01	50.3 ± 9.9	48.6 ± 9.8	<0.01	0.19
DEXA % body fat	40.5 ± 6.6	38.9 ± 7.2	0.03	41.5 ± 6.4	39.7 ± 7.1	<0.01	0.77
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	5.5 ± 0.8	5.4 ± 0.7	0.78	5.6 ± 0.5	5.4 ± 0.4	0.32	0.69
Fasting serum insulin (mU/l)	12.5 ± 6.2	7.4 ± 3.8	0.01	11.4 ± 6.1	9.0 ± 4.4	0.02	0.17
A1C (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.003	<0.01	5.4 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.4	0.41	0.36
GIR (μmol · kg−1 · min−1)	23.5 ± 7.4	28.3 ± 6.9	0.02	28.3 ± 9.5	30.2 ± 8.5	0.39	0.28
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.65 ± 1.06	4.05 ± 0.82	0.06	5.00 ± 0.99	4.12 ± 1.00	<0.01	0.43
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.46 ± 1.08	2.1 ± 0.78	0.05	2.85 ± 0.88	2.41 ± 0.76	0.01	0.64
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.47 ± 0.40	1.35 ± 0.32	0.11	1.40 ± 0.39	1.15 ± 0.30	<0.01	0.12
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.59 ± 0.55	0.91 ± 0.33	<0.01	1.55 ± 0.90	1.43 ± 0.57	0.44	0.01
Leptin (ng/ml)	35.6 ± 20.5	18.9 ± 18.3	<0.01	36.1 ± 18.7	22.6 ± 15.5	<0.01	0.30
Retinol binding protein 4 (μg/ml)	30.6 ± 4.6	26.5 ± 10.7	0.18	30.2 ± 14.6	24.0 ± 5.2	0.11	0.63

Data are means ± SD.

*Within-group comparisons analyzed by paired-samples t test.

†Between-group comparisons analyzed by ANOVA. GIR, glucose infusion rate during euglycemic clamp.