. 2009 Sep 15;58(12):2766–2775. doi: 10.2337/db09-0328

Table 1.

Arterial plasma NEFA, blood glycerol, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels (μmol/l) and net hepatic balances (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) in 60-h fasted conscious canines during the basal (−40 to 0 min) and experimental (0–300 min) periods

	Basal period	Experimental period (min)
	Basal period	30	60	120	180	240	300
Plasma NEFA level (μmol/l)
Control	863 ± 110	613 ± 121^†	579 ± 121^†	656 ± 121^†	656 ± 74^†	734 ± 121^†	688 ± 118^†
4× Basal Ins	813 ± 134	345 ± 66^*^†	179 ± 43^*^†	169 ± 43^*^†	148 ± 25^*^†	151 ± 35^*^†	99 ± 26^*^†
16× Basal Ins	1,151 ± 54^*	287 ± 61^*^†	159 ± 42^*^†	116 ± 33^*^†	71 ± 26^*^†	74 ± 38^*^†	63 ± 37^*^†
Net hepatic NEFA uptake (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹)
Control	1.9 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	2.1 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.3
4× Basal Ins	2.2 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.3^*^†	0.4 ± 0.2^*^†	0.5 ± 0.3^*^†	0.2 ± 0.2^*^†	0.4 ± 0.1^*^†	0.3 ± 0.2^*^†
16× Basal Ins	3.1 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.2^*^†	0.4 ± 0.2^*^†	0.2 ± 0.1^*^†	0.2 ± 0.1^*^†	0.2 ± 0.1^*^†	0.1 ± 0.1^*^†
Plasma glycerol level (μmol/l)
Control	68 ± 13	58 ± 12	54 ± 6	60 ± 9	60 ± 8	65 ± 10	57 ± 10
4× Basal Ins	88 ± 14	48 ± 11^†	49 ± 16^†	51 ± 18^†	49 ± 15^†	58 ± 24^†	46 ± 10^†
16× Basal Ins	103 ± 8	59 ± 11^†	45 ± 10^†	42 ± 8^†	31 ± 4^†	33 ± 11^†	38 ± 10^†
Net hepatic glycerol uptake (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹)
Control	1.8 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.3
4× Basal Ins	1.3 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.1^†	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3
16× Basal Ins	1.9 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.3^†	0.7 ± 0.3^†	0.8 ± 0.2^†	0.5 ± 0.1^†	0.5 ± 0.1^†	0.7 ± 0.1^†
Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level (μmol/l)
Control	72 ± 18	51 ± 16	47 ± 16	51 ± 19	61 ± 21	58 ± 16	65 ± 16
4× Basal Ins	75 ± 28	26 ± 6^†	14 ± 1^†	12 ± 2^*^†	12 ± 2^*^†	12 ± 2^*^†	14 ± 2^*^†
16× Basal Ins	79 ± 17	21 ± 4^†	14 ± 2^†	10 ± 2^*^†	10 ± 3^*^†	8 ± 2^*^†	11 ± 3^*^†
Net hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate output (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹)
Control	2.3 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4
4× Basal Ins	1.6 ± 0.8	0.4 ± 0.3^*^†	0.1 ± 0.1^†	0.1 ± 0.1^*^†	0.1 ± 0.0^*^†	0.1 ± 0.1^*^†	0.0 ± 0.0^*^†
16× Basal Ins	2.7 ± 0.7	0.4 ± 0.2^*^†	0.0 ± 0.1^†	0.1 ± 0.1^*^†	0.0 ± 0.0^*^†	0.0 ± 0.0^*^†	0.0 ± 0.0^*^†

Data are means ± SEM; n = 5, 5, and 6 in the control, 4×, and 16× insulin (Ins) groups, respectively;

*P < 0.05 vs. control group;

†P < 0.05 vs. basal period. Somatostatin and portal insulin and glucagon were infused at 0 min to control hormone levels, and glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia.