Table I - .

Causes of secondary hypercalciuria

Diet-dependent

Excessive dietary intake of

• Calcium • Sodium • Animal proteins • Animal proteins • Carbohydrates • Alcohol

Reduced intake/absorption of

• Phosphate • Potassium

Secondary increase in intestinal calcium absorption

Vitamin D therapy

Endogenous over production of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D

• Primary hyperparathyroidism • Granulomatous diseases • Lymphomas • Severe hypophosphatemic diseases

Increased osteoclastic resorption of bone

Bone metastases Multiple myeloma Primary hyperparathyroidism Paget’s disease of bone Hyperthyroidism Prolonged immobility

Reduced renal tubular reabsorption of calcium

Loop diuretics Bartter syndrome Medullary sponge kidney disease Primary renal tubular defects Endogenous/exogenous glucocorticoid excess Genetic alterations (chloride channels, calcium-sensing receptor)