Fig. 1.

Effect of PKC inhibitors on oxalate-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell injury. LLC-PK₁ cells were pretreated with a PKC inhibitor, either calphostin C (100 nM) or chelerythrine chloride (5 μM), for 30 min and then treated with 0.75 mM oxalate along with inhibitors for 3 h. Superoxide production (A), H₂O₂ production (B), and LDH release (C) as a marker of cell injury were determined. DMSO was used as a vehicle. Comparisons shown: a, significant compared with control; b, significant compared with oxalate; c, significant compared with calphostin C-treated control; d, significant compared with chelerythrine chloride-treated control. Data are normalized to control, and values are expressed as means ± SE. *P < 0.05; n = 6.