Table 2.

Hazard Ratios for Relations Between Consumption of Red, White, and Processed Meat and Prostate Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2003

Category (Median Intake)	Quintile 1	Quintile 2		Quintile 3		Quintile 4		Quintile 5		P-Trend
		HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Red meat, g/1,000 kcal	11.6	24.2		34.5		46.1		66.1
Total prostate cancer
No. of cases	2,133	2,113		2,065		2,003		1,999
Age- and energy-adjusteda	1	1.00	0.94, 1.06	0.99	0.93, 1.05	0.98	0.92, 1.04	1.02	0.96, 1.08	0.58
Multivariateb	1	1.02	0.96, 1.08	1.02	0.96, 1.09	1.04	0.98, 1.12	1.12	1.04, 1.21	0.002
Advanced prostate cancer
No. of cases	196	233		212		228		233
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	1.20	1.00, 1.46	1.11	0.91, 1.35	1.20	0.99, 1.46	1.25	1.03, 1.52	0.05
Multivariate	1	1.21	1.00, 1.47	1.12	0.91, 1.37	1.23	1.00, 1.51	1.31	1.05, 1.65	0.04
Fatal prostate cancer
No. of cases	71	65		97		98		88
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	0.93	0.66, 1.30	1.44	1.06, 1.96	1.51	1.11, 2.06	1.46	1.07, 2.01	0.002
Multivariate	1	0.88	0.63, 1.24	1.34	0.97, 1.84	1.36	0.98, 1.90	1.25	0.87, 1.82	0.08
White meat, g/1,000 kcal	9.3	17.9		26.3		37.6		60.7
No. of cases	1,989	2,083		2,108		2,067		2,066
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	1.06	1.00, 1.13	1.08	1.02, 1.15	1.08	1.01, 1.15	1.10	1.03, 1.17	0.008
Multivariate	1	1.04	0.98, 1.11	1.05	0.99, 1.12	1.04	0.98, 1.11	1.08	1.00, 1.16	0.09
Advanced prostate cancer
No. of cases	221	213		213		224		231
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	0.96	0.79, 1.16	0.96	0.79, 1.16	1.02	0.85, 1.23	1.08	0.90, 1.30	0.24
Multivariate	1	0.93	0.77, 1.13	0.93	0.77, 1.13	0.99	0.81, 1.22	1.10	0.88, 1.36	0.21
Fatal prostate cancer
No. of cases	102	95		69		84		69
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	0.92	0.69, 1.21	0.67	0.49, 0.91	0.86	0.64, 1.15	0.77	0.56, 1.04	0.11
Multivariate	1	0.99	0.74, 1.32	0.76	0.55, 1.04	1.00	0.73, 1.37	0.92	0.64, 1.31	0.76
Processed meat, g/1,000 kcal	2.2	5.5		9.0		14.1		24.6
Total prostate cancer
No. of cases	2,091	2,071		2,063		1,994		2,094
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	1.00	0.94, 1.07	1.01	0.95, 1.07	0.97	0.91, 1.03	1.02	0.96, 1.09	0.63
Multivariate	1	1.01	0.95, 1.07	1.02	0.96, 1.09	1.00	0.93, 1.06	1.07	1.00, 1.14	0.04
Advanced prostate cancer
No. of cases	203	226		207		208		258
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	1.12	0.93, 1.36	1.03	0.84, 1.25	1.03	0.84, 1.25	1.28	1.06, 1.54	0.02
Multivariate	1	1.11	0.91, 1.34	1.02	0.84, 1.25	1.03	0.84, 1.26	1.32	1.08, 1.61	0.008
Fatal prostate cancer
No. of cases	89	79		81		81		89
Age- and energy-adjusted	1	0.88	0.65, 1.19	0.89	0.66, 1.22	0.90	0.66, 1.22	1.01	0.75, 1.36	0.60
Multivariate	1	0.81	0.60, 1.11	0.81	0.59, 1.11	0.79	0.58, 1.09	0.86	0.63, 1.18	0.74

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NIH, National Institutes of Health.

^aHRs were adjusted for age (years; continuous) and total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous).

^bHRs were adjusted for age (continuous); total energy intake (continuous); race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, or unknown); education (<8 years or unknown, 8–11 years, 12 years, some college, college graduate); marital status (married: yes/no); family history of prostate cancer (yes/no); undergoing prostate-specific antigen testing in the past 3 years (never/ever/missing data); history of diabetes (yes/no); body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)²; <18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, 30–<35, or ≥35); smoking history (detailed variable derived from smoking status (never, former, current), time since quitting for former smokers, and smoking dose); frequency of vigorous physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, or ≥5 times/week); and intakes of alcohol (0, <5, 5–<15, 15–<30, or ≥30 g/day); calcium (quintiles), tomatoes (quintiles), α-linolenic acid (quintiles), vitamin E (quintiles), zinc (quintiles), and selenium (quintiles).