Table 1.

Behaviors necessary for shared decision-making

Who engages in the behavior	Observable behavior
Physician	- Defining/explaining the medical problem* - Presenting options for the medical problem* - Making a recommendation
Physician and Patient	- Clarifying understanding - Discussing risks, benefits and costs of options† - Discussing the ability to make a decision† - Making or deferring a decision
Patient	- Expressing values and preferences related to potential health outcomes and options

Adopted from Makoul and Clayman, 2006.

*Primary targets of DESIs to date.

† These are arguably behavioral categories, which include several specific behaviors such as asking questions, expressing opinions, or voicing concern.