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Relation between the fixation difference (FD) and community modularity. (a) FD plotted against community modularity (Q). In groups with negative FD, cooperation reached fixation less often in the structured population than in the mixed population while in groups with positive FD group structure favoured the fixation of cooperation. (b) Standardized phylogenetic independent contrasts for FD and community modularity reduce the sample to 29 independent contrasts.
