Table 1.

Spina bifida classification

Group	Level of lesion	Functional hallmark	Ambulatory capacity	FMS classification
1	Thoracic, high-lumbar	Lack quadriceps function	As children, require hip-spanning orthosis for ambulation (RGO, HKAFO) In adulthood, majority require wheelchair for mobility	FMS 1,1,1
2	Low-lumbar	Lack gluteus medius and maximus function Retain quadriceps and medial hamstring function	Require crutches and AFOs for ambulation Most retain community ambulation as adults	FMS 3,3,1
3	Sacral	Retain quadriceps and gluteus medius function		FMS 6,6,6
	High-sacral	Lack gastrocnemius-soleus function	Ambulate with AFOs and no support
	Low-sacral	Retain gastrocnemius-soleus function	Ambulate without braces or support