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Vacuum-level shift at the SAM∥2P interface, ΔΦ2P, as a function of the work function of the SAM-modified gold surface, Φmod. The downward triangles denote the situation for the three-component systems consisting of metal, SAM, and the organic semiconductor; the upward triangles represent the case when removing the metal (keeping Φmod unchanged). The dashed straight lines (with slopes of −1 and 0) serve as guides to the eye.
