Figure 10.

Behavioral and neural responses to CSs reflect the incorporation of information about reward and aversive stimuli. a, Proportion of time spent licking (blue) or blinking (red) during the last 1.0 s of the trace interval on the first three trials of a daily session (left data points) and the last 20 trials of the initial learning block, before image value reversal (right data points). Error bars, SEM. Double asterisks, Significant difference between initial and subsequent trials (Wilcoxon, p < 0.001). b, Average normalized neural activity (Z-scores) on the first three trials of an experiment and the last 20 trials of the initial block. Error bars, SEM. Asterisk or double asterisk, significant difference between initial and subsequent trials (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). Dagger, p = 0.09. c, d, Expectation indices for each neuron's preferred (c) and nonpreferred (d) trial type. Blue, Index significantly different from 0.5 (p < 0.05). Red, Index not significantly different from 0.5. Arrowhead indicates mean. e, f, Average neural activity as a function of time during the trial. Vertical dotted line indicates time of image onset.