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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):e1–11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3099

TABLE 5.

Predictors of Pneumococcal Carriage, PNSP Carriage, and Non-PCV7 Carriage According to Sampling Year

Predictors of Carriage OR (95% CI)
P for Interaction with Yeara
2001 2004 2007
Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Age .02
        3 to <6 mo 1 1 1
        6 to <24 mo 4.0 (1.5–11.0)b 1.2 (0.6–2.6) 1.2 (0.7–2.2)
        24 to <36 mo 2.0 (0.7–6.0) 1.3 (0.6–2.9) 1.1 (0.6–2.3)
        ≥36 mo 2.6 (1.0–7.3) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.5 (0.3–1.0)b
    RTI 2.4 (1.7–3.6)b 1.3 (1.0–1.9) 1.4 (1.0–1.9)b .03
    Group child care 2.4 (1.6–3.7)b 2.0 (1.4–2.9)b 2.2 (1.6–3.2)b .90
    Young siblings .79
        0 1 1 1
        1 1.5 (1.0–2.2)b 1.3 (0.9–1.9) 1.3 (0.9–1.8)
        >1 2.8 (1.5–5.2)b 2.0 (0.9–4.3) 1.7 (1.0–2.8)b
    Recent antibiotic use 0.6 (0.4–0.9)b 0.7 (0.5–1.0)b 0.7 (0.5–0.9)b .85
PNSPc
    Age .11
        3 to <6 mo 1 1 1
        6 to <24 mo 5.2 (0.6–42.1) 0.5 (0.2–1.3) 1.0 (0.4–2.2)
        24 to <36 mo 1.6 (0.2–15.1) 0.7 (0.3–1.9) 0.5 (0.2–1.5)
        ≥36 mo 1.8 (0.2–14.6) 0.3 (0.1–0.7)b 0.4 (0.1–0.9)b
    RTI 4.2 (2.3–7.9)b 0.9 (0.6–1.5) 0.9 (0.6–1.4) <.0001
    Group child care 3.6 (1.8–7.3)b 2.2 (1.3–3.7)b 2.3 (1.4–3.9)b .50
    Young siblings .54
        0 1 1 1
        1 1.1 (0.6–2.1) 1.0 (0.5–1.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.5)
        >1 1.6 (0.6–4.7) 3.0 (1.1–7.6)b (0.4–2.2)
    Recent antibiotic use 1.4 (0.7–2.5) 1.7 (1.0–2.6)b 1.2 (0.8–1.9) .66
Non-PCV7
    Age .29
        3 to <6 mo 1 1 1
        6 to <24 mo 2.4 (0.8–7.3) 1.1 (0.5–2.4) 1.2 (0.7–2.3)
        24 to <36 mo 1.3 (0.4–4.5) 1.2 (0.5–2.7) 1.2 (0.6–2.4)
        ≥36 mo 1.6 (0.5–5.0) 0.5 (0.2–1.2) 0.5 (0.3–1.1)
    RTI 1.9 (1.2–3.1)b 1.3 (0.9–1.8)b 1.3 (1.0–1.8) .29
    Group child care 2.7 (1.6–4.7)b 2.2 (1.5–3.2)b 2.2 (1.5–3.2)b .78
    Young siblings .96
        0 1 1 1
        1 1.2 (0.7–1.9) 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 1.2 (0.9–1.7)
        >1 2.0 (1.0–4.2) 1.3 (0.5–3.1) 1.7 (1.0–2.8)b
    Recent antibiotic use 0.5 (0.3–0.8)b 0.7 (0.5–0.9)b 0.7 (0.5–0.9)b .68

Three generalized linear mixed models were calculated by using data limited to each sampling period. Participants missing covariate values were excluded from the models. Because of rounding, some estimates with P > .05 show 95% CIs that include 1.0.

a

P values were derived from a separate multivariate model in which data from all 3 sampling periods were included. The P values evaluating the interactions between year and each covariate are provided.

b

ORs with P ≤ .05.

c

PNSP is based upon the nonsusceptibility breakpoint used before 2008 (MIC of >0.06 mg/L).

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